Drivers of Stunting Among 0-23 Months Old Filipino Children Included in the 2003 and 2011 National Nutrition Survey
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2019.08.03.1Keywords:
Stunting, persistent stunting, children, infants, middle childhood, Philippines.Abstract
This study aims to evaluate household and individual level drivers of stunting among Filipino children aged 0-23 months in the 2003 National Nutrition Survey (NNS) and identified which factors pushed these same children to or out of stunting in middle childhood (8-9 years old) in 2011 Updating National Nutrition Survey (UNNS). All children aged 0-23 months in 2003 NNS were tracked if they're still in 2011 UNNS by matching identifiers: region, province, municipality/city, name, and birthdate. There are 290 children included in both surveys. Children were categorized as: stunted in 2003 but not in 2011 (catch-up); stunted in 2003 & 2011 (persistently stunted); stunted in 2011 but not in 2003 (stunted later). The prevalence of stunting increased from 17.2% in 2003 to 35.2% in 2011. About 22.1% became stunted later; persistently stunted (13.1%); catch-up (4.1%). The individual-level factors that contributed towards persistent stunting are older age onset of stunting, underweight, and a <2 years birth interval; while the household level factors are those with ≥ 5 dependents, and a higher number of under-fives in the family. Households usage of water-sealed toilets and availability of electricity decrease the odds of persistent stunting and stunting later. No significant factors were found on what moves a child out of stunting. Living in shanties (Huts) pushed a normal child to be stunted in 2011. This study reflects the strong influence of both individual and household factors on stunting. These results could be useful in crafting area and problem-specific interventions.
References
Improving Child Nutrition: The achievable imperative for global progress [Internet]. 2013 [cited February 7, 2019]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/ Nutrition_Report_final_lo_res_8_April.pdf
ASEAN Average Height [Internet]. 2014 [cited February 8, 2019]. Available from: https://bit.ly/2TFifj2
Sizing Up: The stunting and child malnutrition problem in the Philippines [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https://bit.ly/2CjJR2m
Food and Nutrition Research Institute. 8th National Nutrition Survey. Philippines: Department of Science and Technology; 2013.
Food and Nutrition Research Insitute. 2015 Updating of the Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and Other Population Groups. Philippines: Department of Science and Technology; 2015.
Achievement of the Health-related Millennium Development Goals in the Western Pacific Region 2016: Transitioning to the Sustainable Development Goals [Internet]. WHO Press. 2016 [cited March 15, 2019]. Available from: https://iris.wpro.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665.1/13441/WPR-2016-DHS-011-en.pdf
Stunting in a nutshell [Internet]. [cited March 18, 2019]. Available from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/healthygrowth-proj_stunted_videos/en/
Repositioning Nutrition as Central to Development: A Strategy for Large‐scale Action [Internet]. 2006. Available from: https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id= PRPc32wCLjMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&ots=Vc5qFuSsoD&sig=cWwv8bAm5sQg_1itp7k_7njqEZY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Long-term consequences of stunting in early life [Internet]. 2011 [cited Oct]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley. com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00349.x
Roth DE, Krishna A, Leung M, Shi J, Bassani DG, Barros AJD. Early childhood linear growth faltering in low-income and middle-income countries as a whole-population condition: analysis of 179 Demographic and Health Surveys from 64 countries. The Lancet Global Health 2017; 5(12): e1249-e57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30418-7
Leroy JL, Ruel M, Habicht JP, Frongillo EA. Linear growth deficit continues to accumulate beyond the first 1000 days in low- and middle-income countries: global evidence from 51 national surveys. J Nutr 2014; 144(9): 1460-6. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.191981
Nkurunziza S, Meessen B, Van Geertruyden J-P, Korachais C. Determinants of stunting and severe stunting among Burundian children aged 6-23 months: evidence from a national cross-sectional household survey, 2014. BMC Pediatrics 2017; 17(1): 176-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28743238
Aguayo VM, Nair R, Badgaiyan N, Krishna V. Determinants of stunting and poor linear growth in children under 2 years of age in India: an in-depth analysis of Maharashtra's comprehensive nutrition survey. Matern Child Nutr 2016; 12 Suppl 1(Suppl Suppl 1): 121-40. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27187911
Ahmed AMS, Ahmed T, K Roy S, Alam N, Hossain MI. Determinants of Under Nutrition in Children under 2 years of age from Rural Bangladesh 2011; 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-012-0187-2
Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Stunting policy brief [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ handle/10665/149019/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.3_eng.pdf?ua=1
Philippine Plan Of Action For Nutrition 2017-2022: A call to urgent action for Filipinos and its leadership [Internet]. Available from: http://www.nnc.gov.ph/phocadownloadpap/ 6thNationalConference_of_DCNPCs/PPAN%20and%20DCNPCs.pdf
Gibson RS. Principles of Nutritional Assessment. Second Revised Edition ed. New York, United States: Oxford University Press Inc; 2005 May 19, 2005.
WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development [Internet]. 2006.
Food and Nutrition Research Insitute. 7th Updating National Nutrition Survey. Philippines: Department of Science and Technology; 2011.
Official Concepts and Definitions for Statistical Purposes [Internet]. 2003 [cited March 6, 2019]. Available from: http://nap.psa.gov.ph/glossary/terms/indicatorDetails.asp?strIndi=51
International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems [Internet]. 2004. Available from: https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/ICD 10_2nd_ed_volume2.pdf?ua=1.
Nshimyiryo A, Hedt-Gauthier B, Mutaganzwa C, Kirk CM, Beck K, Ndayisaba A, et al. Risk factors for stunting among children under five years: a cross-sectional population-based study in Rwanda using the 2015 Demographic and Health Survey. BMC Public Health 2019; 19(1): 175. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6504-z
Derso T, Tariku A, Biks G, Wassie M. Stunting, wasting and associated factors among children aged 6–24 months in Dabat health and demographic surveillance system site: A community based cross-sectional study in Ethiopia 2017; 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-017-0848-2
Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, de Onis M, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 2013; 382(9890): 427-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X
Hoppe C, Molgaard C, Michaelsen KF. Cow's milk and linear growth in industrialized and developing countries. Annu Rev Nutr 2006; 26: 131-73. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.010506.103757
Choudhury S, Headey DD. Household dairy production and child growth: Evidence from Bangladesh. Econ Hum Biol 2018; 30: 150-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2018.07.001
World Health Organization. Why can’t we give water to a breastfeeding baby before the 6 months, even when it is hot? 2014 [Available from: https://www.who.int/features/qa/ breastfeeding/en/
Menon P, Bamezai A, Subandoro A, Ayoya MA, Aguayo V. Age-appropriate infant and young child feeding practices are associated with child nutrition in India: insights from nationally representative data. Matern Child Nutr 2015; 11(1): 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12036
Dewana Z, Fikadu T, Facha W, Mekonnen N. Prevalence and Predictors of Stunting among Children of Age between 24 to 59 Months in Butajira Town and Surrounding District, Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia 2017; 11. https://10.0.85.7/1791-809X.1000518
Ajao KO, Ojofeitimi EO, Adebayo AA, Fatusi AO, Afolabi OT. Influence of family size, household food security status, and child care practices on the nutritional status of under-five children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health 2010; 14(4 Spec no.): 117-26. Available from: https://europepmc.org/ abstract/med/21812205
Menezes RC, Lira PI, Leal VS, Oliveira JS, Santana SC, Sequeira LA, et al. Determinants of stunting in children under five in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2011; 45(6): 1079-87. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/22124738
Khan MMA, Khattak SA. Malnutrition and Associated Risk Factors in Pre-School Children (2-5 Years) in District Swabi (NWFP)-Pakistan. Journal of Medical Sciences 2010. Available from: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jms.2010. 34.39
Bogale TY, Bala ET, Tadesse M, Asamoah BO. Prevalence and associated factors for stunting among 6-12 years old school age children from rural community of Humbo district, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2018; 18(1): 653. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 29793479
María García Cruz L, González Azpeitia G, Reyes Súarez D, Santana Rodríguez A, Loro J, Serra-Majem L. Factors Associated with Stunting among Children Aged 0 to 59 Months from the Central Region of Mozambique 2017; 9: 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050491
Ricci JA, Becker S. Risk factors for wasting and stunting among children in Metro Cebu, Philippines. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63(6): 966-75. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/63.6.966
Bourke CD, Berkley JA, Prendergast AJ. Immune Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition. Trends in Immunology 2016; 37(6): 386-98. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27237815
Cumming O, Cairncross S. Can water, sanitation and hygiene help eliminate stunting? Current evidence and policy implications. Matern Child Nutr 2016; 12(Suppl Suppl 1): 91-105. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 27187910
Nurturing care for early childhood development: a framework for helping children survive and thrive to transform health and human potential [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272603/9789241514064-eng.pdf?ua=1
Fotso JC, Madise N, Baschieri A, Cleland J, Zulu E, Mutua MK, et al. Child growth in urban deprived settings: does household poverty status matter? At which stage of child development? Health Place 2012; 18(2): 375-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.12.003
Bukusuba J, Kaaya AN, Atukwase A. Predictors of Stunting in Children Aged 6 to 59 Months: A Case-Control Study in Southwest Uganda. Food Nutr Bull 2017; 38(4): 542-53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572117731666
Krishna A, Mejia-Guevara I, McGovern M, Aguayo VM, Subramanian SV. Trends in inequalities in child stunting in South Asia. Matern Child Nutr 2018; 14(Suppl 4): e12517. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12517
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .
