Determinants of Infant Mortality in Bangladesh: A Nationally Surveyed Data Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2019.08.03.3Keywords:
Determinants, Socio-economic variables, Infant mortality, 0-11 months, Bangladesh.Abstract
Background: It is well established that improving human health has direct obvious payoff on enhancing life expectancy along with economic growth. Infant mortality deliberately used to understand a countries overall public health status particularly child bearing mothers. But the prevalence of child mortality continues to be a prime public health concerns in Bangladesh. This study aims to investigate the impact of some geospatial, socioeconomic, demographic and health factors on infant mortality in Bangladesh.
Methods: The study modeled infant mortality (aged 0-11 months) as the categorical dependent variable using 11 selected covariates from the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS-2014) dataset. The Pearson-Chi square test and Binary Logistic Regression methods were utilized for the bivariate and multivariate analyses.
Results: All the selected covariates were significantly associated with infant mortality in bivariate analysis. The results of the logistic regression revealed that illiterate father, household without toilet facility or having hanging toilet, multiple birth and small size at birth appeared at the significant risk factors for infant mortality. In contrast, receiving vitamin A dose and visiting in antenatal care revealed as protective factor for infant deaths.
Conclusion: This study is uniquely addressed some several determinants which are the immediate cause of infant deaths. This evidence based empirical study suggests that more attention needs regarding to eliminate all kinds of child mortality in Bangladesh along with infant mortality.
References
Katz J, West Jr KP, Khatry SK, Christian P, LeClerq SC, Pradhan EK, et al. Risk factors for early infant mortality in Sarlahi district, Nepal. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2003; 81: 717-725.
Dube L, Taha M, Asefa H. Determinants of infant mortality in community of Gilgel Gibe Field Research Center, Southwest Ethiopia: a matched case control study. BMC Public Health 2013; 13(1): 401. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-401
World Health Organization. Global health observatory (GHO) data. Infant mortality situation and trends. World Health Organization (WHO). 2018. [cited 2019 Jan 25] Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/gho/child_health/mortality/ neonatal_infant_text/en/
Rahman A, Rahman SM. Rural-urban differentials of childhood malnutrition in Bangladesh. International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition 2019; 8(1): 35-42. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2019.08.01.5
Das S, Rahman A, Ahamed A, Rahman ST. Multi-level models can benefit from minimizing higher-order variations: an illustration using child malnutrition data. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 2019; 89(6): 1090-1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2018.1553242
Ahmad OB, Lopez AD, Inoue M. The decline in child mortality: a reappraisal. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2000; 78 (1): 1175-1191.
Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J. Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? The Lancet 2003; 361(9376): 2226-2234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13779-8
Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, Perin J, Scott S, Lawn JE, el al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. The Lancet 2012; 379(9832): 2151-2161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60560-1
Rahman A, Biswas SC. Nutritional status of under-5 children in Bangladesh. South Asian Journal of Population and Health 2009; 2(1): 1-11.
NIPORT Mitraand Associates and ICF. Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2014 (policy brief). Technical report, National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and ICF International 2016.
Chen A, Oster E, Williams H. Why is infant mortality higher in the United States than in Europe? American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2016; 8(2): 89-124. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20140224
Genowska A, Jamiołkowski J, Szafraniec K, Stepaniak U, Szpak A, Pająk A. Environmental and socio-economic determinants of infant mortality in Poland: an ecological study. Environmental Health 2015; 14(1): 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-015-0048-1
Rahman A, Chowdhury S, Hossain D. Acute malnutrition in Bangladeshi children: levels and determinants. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 2009; 21(3): 294-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539509335399
Agha S. The determinants of infant mortality in Pakistan. Social Science & Medicine 2000; 51(2): 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00460-8
Maniruzzaman M, Suri HS, Kumar N, Abedin MM, Rahman MJ, El-Baz A, et al. Risk factors of neonatal mortality and child mortality in Bangladesh. Journal of Global Health 2018; 8(1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.08.010421
Khan JR, Awan N. A comprehensive analysis on child mortality and its determinants in Bangladesh using frailty models. Archives of Public Health 2017; 75(1): 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-017-0224-6
Lamichhane R, Zhao Y, Paudel S, Adewuyi EO. Factors associated with infant mortality in Nepal: a comparative analysis of Nepal demographic and health surveys (NDHS) 2006 and 2011. BMC Public Health 2017; 17(1): 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3922-z
Rahman A, Chowdhury S. Determinants of chronic malnutrition among preschool children in Bangladesh. Journal of Biosocial Science 2007; 39(2): 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932006001295
Chowdhury QH, Islam R, Hossain K. Socio-economic determinants of neonatal, post neonatal, infant and child mortality. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 2010; 2(6): 118-125.
Majumder AK, May M, Pant PD. Infant and child mortality determinants in Bangladesh: Are they changing?. Journal of Biosocial Science 1997; 29(4): 385-399. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932097003854
Chowdhury AH, Islam SS, Karim A. Covariates of neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in Bangladesh. Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research 2013; 13(4): 8-17.
Rahman A, Chowdhury S, Karim A, Ahmed S. Factors associated with nutritional status of children in Bangladesh: A multivariate analysis. Demography India 2008; 37(1): 95-109.
Arntzen A, Andersen AM. Social determinants for infant mortality in the Nordic countries, 1980-2001. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2004; 32(5): 381-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/14034940410029450
Pradhan J, Arokiasamy P. Socio-economic inequalities in child survival in India: a decomposition analysis. Health Policy 2010; 98(2-3): 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.05.010
Ezeh OK, Agho KE, Dibley MJ, Hall JJ, Page AN. Risk factors for postneonatal, infant, child and under-5 mortality in Nigeria: a pooled cross-sectional analysis. BMJ Open 2015; 5(3): e006779. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006779
Titaley CR, Dibley MJ, Agho K, Roberts CL, Hall J. Determinants of neonatal mortality in Indonesia. BMC Public Health 2008; 8(1): 232. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-232
Khadka KB, Lieberman LS, Giedraitis V, Bhatta L, Pandey G. The socio-economic determinants of infant mortality in Nepal: analysis of Nepal Demographic Health Survey, 2011. BMC Pediatrics 2015; 15(1): 152. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0468-7
Patel KK, Gouda J. Infant Mortality in Northern and Southern Regions of India: Differentials and Determinants. Social Science Spectrum 2018; 3(2): 81-92.
Megabiaw B, Rahman A. Prevalence and determinants of chronic malnutrition among under-5 children in Ethiopia. International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition 2013; 2(3): 230-236. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2013.02.03.5
Sommer A, Djunaedi E, Loeden AA, Tarwotjo I, West JR K, Tilden R, Mele L, Aceh Study Group. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mortality: a randomised controlled community trial. The Lancet 1986; 327(8491): 1169-1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91157-8
Klemm RD, Labrique AB, Christian P, Rashid M, Shamim AA, Katz J, Sommer A, West KP. Newborn vitamin A supplementation reduced infant mortality in rural Bangladesh. Pediatrics 2008; 122(1): 242-250. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3448
Humphrey JH, Agoestina T, Wu L, Usman A, Nurachim M, Subardja D, et al. Impact of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on infant morbidity and mortality. The Journal of Pediatrics 1996; 128(4): 489-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70359-1
Alam N, Van Ginneken JK, Bosch AM. Infant mortality among twins and triplets in rural Bangladesh in 1975–2002. Tropical Medicine & International Health 2007; 12(12): 1506-1514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01959.x
Chaudhary S, Singh RR, Shah GS, Agrawal J, Kafle S, Shah L. Outcome of twin deliveries at a tertiary care centre of eastern Nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2016; 14(33): 128-131.
Imaizumi Y. Infant mortality rates in single, twin and triplet births, and influencing factors in Japan, 1995–98. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2001; 15(4): 346-351. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.00378.x
Hong R. Effect of multiple birth on infant mortality in Bangladesh. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2006; 42(10): 630-635. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00940.x
Hailemariam A, Tesfaye M. Determinants of infant and early childhood mortality in a small urban community of Ethiopia: a hazard model analysis. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 1997; 11(3): 189-200.
Rahman A. Estimating small area health-related characteristics of populations: A methodological review. Geospatial Health 2017; 12(1): 3-14. https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2017.495
Akter T, Dawson A, Sibbritt D. What impact does antenatal and postnatal care have on neonatal deaths in low-and lower-middle-income countries? Evidence from Bangladesh. Health Care for Women International 2017; 38(8): 848-860. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2017.1332063
World Health Organization. Status of the health-related SDGs. World Health Organization (WHO). 2017. [cited 2019 Jan 25] Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/gho/publications/ world_health_statistics/2017/EN_WHS2017_Part2.pdf
Engle PL, Breaux C. Fathers' involvement with children: Perspectives from developing countries. Social Policy Report 1998; 12(1): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2379-3988.1998.tb00007.x
Rahman A, Harding A. Small area estimation and microsimulation modeling. Boca Raton: CRC Press 2016. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315372143
Rahman A. Small area housing stress estimation in Australia: Calculating confidence intervals for a spatial microsimulation model. Communications in Statistics Part B: Simulation and Computation 2017; 46(9): 7466-7484. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2016.1241406
Rahman A, Harding A, Tanton R, Liu S. Simulating the Characteristics of Populations at the Small Area Level: New Validation Techniques for a Spatial Microsimulation Model in Australia. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 2013; 57(1): 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2012.06.018
Rahman A, Harding A. A new analysis of the characteristics of households in housing stress: results and tools for validation. In S. Tually (Ed.), AHRC12: Housing in an Era of Risk and Crisis (pp. 1-21). 2012; Adelaide: The University of Adelaide.
Yunus RM, Rahman A. Factors associated with nutritional status of children in low and middle income countries in Southeast Asia: A multilevel analysis. In P. Dalziel (Ed.), Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference of the Australian & New Zealand Regional Science Association International (pp. 1-7). : Australian & New Zealand Regional Science Association International (ANZRSAI) (pp. 177-182). 2018; New Zealand: Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit.
Ahamed A, Das S, Rahman A, Rahman ST. On Selection of a Robust Multilevel Model for Child Nutrition Measure in Bangladesh. In Proceedings of the Bangladesh Statistical Association Conference 2017, 2017; Dhaka (pp. 1-22).
Rahman A, Nimmy SF, Sarowar G. Developing an automated machine learning approach to test discontinuity in DNA for detecting tuberculosis. In J. P. Davim (Ed.), Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management (pp. 277-286). 2019; Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93351-1_23
Chowdhury M, Rahman A, Islam R. Malware analysis and detection using data mining and machine learning classification. In J. Abawajy, K-K. R. Choo, & R. Islam (Eds.), International Conference on Applications and Techniques in Cyber Security and Intelligence - Applications and Techniques in Cyber Security and Intelligence (Vol. 580, pp. 266-274), 2018; (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing; Vol. 580). Springer-Verlag London Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67071-3_33
Rahman A. Statistics-based data preprocessing methods and machine learning algorithms for big data Analysis. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 2019; 17(2): 1-22.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .
