Caries Risk Assessment in Children with Different Rates of Vitamin D Deficiency, Using Cariogram Model
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2023.12.01.3Keywords:
Dental caries risk, vitamin D, CariogramAbstract
Objective: Vitamin D plays a very important role in improving oral and dental health as well as general health. The present study aims to evaluate the risk of caries development risk of children with and without vitamin D deficiency using the Cariogram model.
Methods: This study included a total of 75 healthy children aged 6-12 years, of which 50 (35 girls and 15 boys) had different levels of vitamin D deficiency, and 25 (12 girls and 13 boys) had none. Their risk of developing new dental caries was assessed with Cariogram. SPSS v21.0 (IBM, USA) was used for analyzing the study data. In the statistical tests, a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Mean chronological and dental ages of the participants were obtained as 9±2.32 and 8±2.36, respectively. The distribution of salivary flow rate, buffering capacities, and distributions of Lactobacilli and S. mutans counts between the groups were found to be similar. There was a significant difference between Group I and Group II and between Group I and Group III in regard to the Cariogram green percentage (percentage of chances to avoid caries), p=0.002 and p<0.001, respectively.
Conclusion: In the present study, we observed a decrease in the Cariogram green sector percentage with low levels of vitamin D and an increase with normal vitamin D levels. Therefore, chances to avoid new dental caries were increased in sufficient levels of vitamin D.
References
Ozdemir D. Dental caries: the most common disease worldwide and preventive strategies. Int J Biol 2013; (4): 55-61. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v5n4p55
Jeremias F, Souza JFD, Costa S, et al. Dental caries experience and molar-incisor hypomineralization. Acta Odontol Scand 2013; 71(3-4): 870-6. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016357.2012.734412
Cho SY, Ki Y, Chu V. Molar incisor hypomineralization in Hong Kong Chinese children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2008; 18(5): 348-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-263X.2008.00927.x
Hujoel PP. Vitamin D and dental caries in controlled clinical trials: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2013; 71(2): 88-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00544.x
Hussein AS, Almoudi MM, Abu-Hassan MI, Schroth RJ, Saripudin B, Mohamad MSF. Serum and Saliva 25(OH)D Levels in Relation to Dental Caries in Young Children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021; 45(6): 414-20. https://doi.org/10.17796/1053-4625-45.6.8
Carvalho Silva C, Mendes R, Manso MDC, Gavinha S, Melo P. Prenatal or Childhood Serum Levels of Vitamin D and Dental Caries in Paediatric Patients: A Systematic Review. Oral Health Prev Dent 2020; 18(1): 653-67.
Singleton R, Day G, Thomas T, Schroth R, Klejka J, Lenaker D, Berner J. Association of Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency with Early Childhood Caries. J Dent Res 2019; 98(5): 549-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034519834518
Berdal A, Papagerakis P, Hotton D, Bailleul-Forestier I, Davideau JL. Ameloblasts and odontoblasts, target-cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: a review. Int J Dev Biol 1995; 39(1): 257-62.
Papagerakis P, MacDougall M, Hotton MD, et al. Expression of amelogenin in odontoblasts. Bone 2003; 32(3): 228-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00978-X
Holick MF. High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implication for health. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81(3): 353-73. https://doi.org/10.4065/81.3.353
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, et al. Estimation of the optimal serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84(1): 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.18
Ozkan B, Doneray H, Karacan M, Vançelik S, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency rickets in the eastern part of Turkey. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168(1): 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-008-0821-z
Bratthall D, Petersson GH, Stjernswärd JR. Cariogram manual, Internet version 2.01. April 2, 2004. http://www.db.od.mah.se/car/cariogram/cariograminfo.html
Bratthall D, Petersson GH. Cariogram e a multifactorial assessment model for a multifactorial disease. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005; 33: 256e64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2005.00233.x
MacRitchie HM, Longbottom C, Robertson M, et al. Development of the Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model (DCRAM)–risk model development using a novel application of CHAID analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40(1): 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2011.00630.x
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Caries-risk assessment and management for infants, children, and adolescents. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, III.: AAPD 2021; 252-7.
Ramos-Gomez FJ, Crall JJ, Gansky SA, et al. Caries risk assessment appropriate for the age 1 visit (infants and toddlers). J Calif Dent Assoc 2007; 35: 687-702.
Gao XL, Hsu CY, Xu Y, et al. Building caries risk assessment models for children. J Dent Res 2010; 89: 637-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034510364489
Petersen, PE, Baez-Ramon J. Oral health surveys: Basic methods- World Health Organization. 5th ed. Printed in France 2013; pp. 73-4.
Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M, et al. Global Consensus Recommendations on Prevention and Management of Nutritional Rickets. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 85: 83-106. https://doi.org/10.1159/000443136
Stein SH, Tipton DA. Vitamin D and its impact on oral health-an update. J Tenn Dent Assoc 2011; 91(2): 30-3.
Yanık S, Keskinrüzgar A, Aras M, Çetiner S. Vitamin D’nin Biyolojik Önemi ve Diş Hekimliği İle Olan İlişkisi. Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg 2015; 25(1): 128-34. https://doi.org/10.17567/dfd.72382
Zerofsky M, Ryder M, Bhatia S, Stephensen C, King J, Fung E. Effects of early vitamin D deficiency rickets on bone and dental health, growth and immunity. Matern Child Nutr 2015; 12: 898-907. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12187
Ford D, Seow W, Kazoullis S, Holcombe T, Newman B. A controlled study of risk factors for enamel hypoplasia in the permanent dentition. Pediatr Dent 2009; 31: 382-8.
Reed S, Voronca D, Wingate J, et al. Prenatal vitamin D and enamel hypoplasia in human primary maxillary central incisors:A pilot study. Pediatr Dent J 2017; 27: 21-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdj.2016.08.001
Ademe D, Admassu D, Balakrishnan S. Analysis of salivary level Lactobacillus spp. and associated factors as determinants of dental caries amongst primary school children in Harar town, eastern Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20(1): 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-1921-9
Bansal M, Sangha R, Simran, Walia NK. Caries Risk Assessment: Cariogram-An Insight. IHRJ 2019; 3(5): 167-75. https://doi.org/10.26440/IHRJ/0305.08272
Hänsel Petersson G, Twetman S, Bratthall D. Evaluation of a computer program for caries risk assessment in schoolchildren. Caries Res 2002; 36(5): 327-40. https://doi.org/10.1159/000065963
Wilson R, Ashley F. Identification of caries risk in schoolchildren: salivary buffering capacity and bacterial counts, sugar intake and caries experience as predictors of 2-year and 3-year caries increment. Br Dent J 1989; 167: 99-102. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4806930
Barma MD, Sakthi DS, Prabakar J. Caries Risk Profile Among Adult Population with Systemic Disease Attending A Private Dental College in Chennaı. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine 2020; 7(1): 2078-86.
Stensson M, Wendt L-K, Koch G, et al. Caries prevalence, caries-related factors and plaque pH in adolescents with long-term asthma. Caries Res 2010; 44(6): 540-6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000321566
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .