Relationship Between Vitamin D and Cardio-Metabolic Biomarkers Among Saudi Postmenopausal Women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5634.2014.03.01.3Keywords:
Hypovitaminosis D, cardiovascular risk factors, Saudi postmenopausal womenAbstract
Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent worldwide, and in Saudi Arabia in particular. There is growing evidence that hypovitaminosis D is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. We determined concentrations of serum 25 hydroxy 25(OH) vitamin D in relation to several metabolic biomarkers including total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), atherogenic index (AI), glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), adiposity, and blood pressure in a cross-sectional analysis in 300 Saudi postmenopausal women. Participants completed a detailed questionnaire and fasting blood samples were collected. Vitamin D deficiency was common, affecting 89% of individuals. Higher serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels were consistently found among subjects with no prevalent cardiovascular risk factors (p>0.05) except for those subjects with serum CRP level ≥3mg/dl, HDL-C <1.04mmol/L, AI≥5, exercising ≥3times/week, and those with 4 or more pregnancies. Hypovitaminosis D was inversely correlated with DBP (r=-0.118, p=0.042), TC (r=-0.165, p=0.004), TG (r=-0.119, p=0.040), LDL-C (r=-0.138, p=0.017), AI (r=-0.125, p=0.031), and veiling type (r=-0.127, p=0.028). No significant impact of hypovitaminosis D on CRP, levels of which were similar among vitamin D sufficient and deficient subjects. However, hypovitaminosis D was significantly related to dyslipidemia and diastolic blood pressure in a group of Saudi postmenopausal women.
References
Bener, Abdulbari, Al-Ali, Mariam and Hoffmann, Georg F. Vitamin D deficiency in healthy children in a sunny country: associated factors. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2008; 1-11.
Kanan RM, Al Saleh YM, Fakhoury HM, Adham M, Aljaser S, Tamimi W. Year-round vitamin D deficiency among Saudi female out-patients. Public Health Nutr 2013; 16(3): 544-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012002947 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012002947
Saadi H, Nagelkerke N, Benedict S, et al. Predictors and relationships of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration with bone turnover markers, bone mineral density, and vitamin D receptor genotype in Emirati women. Bone 2006a; 39: 1136-1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.05.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.05.010
Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 266-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553
Snijder MB, van Dam RM, Visser M, Deeg DJH, Dekker JM, Bouter LM, et al. Adiposity in relation to vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels: a population-based study in older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 4119-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0216 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0216
Zittermann A. Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence? Br J Nutr 2003; 89: 552-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BJN2003837 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2003837
Chonchol M, Scragg R. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, insulin resistance, and kidney function in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Kidney Int 2007; 71(2): 134-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002002
Martins D, Wolf M, Pan D, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167(11): 1159-1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.11.1159 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.11.1159
Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Koerfer R. Putting cardiovascular disease and vitamin D insufficiency into perspective. Br J Nutr 2005; 94(4): 483-492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BJN20051544 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20051544
Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2001; 103: 1813-1818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.103.13.1813 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.103.13.1813
Norman AW. Sunlight, season, skin pigmentation, vitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D: integral components of the vitamin D endocrine system. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 1108-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/67.6.1108
Carr M. The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2404-2411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030242
Rosano GM, Vitale C, Marazzi G, Volterrani M. Menopause and cardiovascular disease: the evidence. Climacteric 2007; 10: 19-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697130601114917 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13697130601114917
Norman AW, Bouillon R, Whiting SJ, Vieth R, Lips P. 13th Workshop Consensus for Vitamin D Nutritional Guidelines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103(3-5): 204-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.071
Lips P. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications, Endocr Rev, 2001; 22: 477-501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv.22.4.0437 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/er.22.4.477
Soules MR, Sherman S, Parrott E, et al. Executive summary: stages of reproductive aging workshop (STRAW) Park City, Utah, July 2001. Menopause 2001; 8: 402-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042192-200111000-00004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00042192-200111000-00004
World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. WHO Technical Report. Series No. 894, WHO, Geneva; 2000.
Valsamakis G, Chetty R, Anwar A, et al. Association of simple anthropometric measures of obesity with visceral fat and the metabolic syndrome in male Caucasian and Indo-Asian subjects. Diabet Med 2004; 21: 1339-1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01361.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01361.x
World Health Organization. Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio. A report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva, 8-11 December 2008.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.19.2560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.19.2560
US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Centers for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 1996.
Cleeman JI, Grundy SM, Becker D, et al. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.19.2486
American Diabetic Association. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(Suppl 1): S37-S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.suppl_1.S37 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.suppl_1.S37
Saadi HF, Kazzam E, Ghurbana BA, Nicholls MG. Hypothesis: correction of low vitamin D status among Arab women will prevent heart failure and improve cardiac function in established heart failure. Eur J Hear Fail 2006b; 8: 694-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.05.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.05.006
El-Kaissi S, Sherbeeni S: Vitamin D deficiency in the Middle East and its health consequences for adults from nutrition and health. In: Holick MF, editor. Vitamin D. Springer Science; 2010: 495-503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-303-9_25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-303-9_25
Alissa EM, Bahjri S, Al-ama N, et al. High cardiovascular risk in young Saudi males: Cardiovascular risk factors, diet and inflammatory markers. Clinica Chimica Acta 2006; 365: 288 -296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2005.09.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2005.09.007
Alissa EM, Qadi SG, Alhujaili NA, et al. Effect of diet and lifestyle factors on bone health in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Metab 2011; 29(6): 725-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00774-011-0274-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-011-0274-8
Cigolini M, Iagulli MP,Miconi V, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and prevalence of cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 722-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-2148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-2148
Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2008; 117: 503-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127
Pittas AG, Harris SS, Stark PC, Dawson-Hughes B. The effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood glucose and markers of inflammation in nondiabetic adults. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 980-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc06-1994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-1994
Tracy RP. Emerging relationships of inflammation, cardiovascular disease and chronic diseases of aging. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27(Suppl 3): S29-S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802497 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802497
Vilarrasa N, Vendrell J, Maravall J, et al. Is plasma 25(OH) D related to adipokines, inflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance in both a healthy and morbidly obese population? Endocrine 2010; 38(2): 235-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-010-9379-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-010-9379-4
Schleithoff SS, Zittermann A, Tenderich G, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 754-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.4.754
Braam LA, Hoeks AP, Brouns F, et al. Beneficial effects of vitamin D and K on the elastic properties of the vessel wall in postmenopausal women: a follow-up study. Thromb Haemost 2004; 91: 373-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1160/TH03-07-0423
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .
