Energy Analysis of Small-Scale Ethanol Production from Cassava: A Case Study of the Cassakero Project in Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.02.4Keywords:
Bioethanol, biofuel, cassakero, cooking fuel, energy analysis, kerosene substitution, renewable energyAbstract
The Federal Government of Nigeria recently announced the replacement of kerosene household cooking fuel with ethanol produced from cassava feedstock. The project was called “cassakero”. The cassakero project aims to install 10,000 units of small-scale bio-ethanol refineries, operated by small-scale agro-processors across the country. The aim of this article is to present the results of an energy analysis of the ethanol cooking fuel produced from cassava feedstock by small-scale processors under Nigerian conditions Results show that for small-scale cassava ethanol production with the use of agrochemicals is: 11.61 MJ/l for total energy input, a Net Energy Ratio of 1.20, 2.29 MJ/l for Net Energy Gain, and 11.01 MJ/l for Net Renewable Energy Value. Without the use of agrochemicals ethanol production is 10.38 MJ/l for total energy input, a Net Energy Ratio of 1. 34, 3.52 MJ/l for Net Energy Gain, and 12.25 MJ/l for Net Renewable Energy Value. This is the first time that energy analysis has been carried out for small-scale cassava ethanol production under Nigerian conditions.
References
Azih I. Biofuels demand: opportunities for rural development in Africa (Nigerian case study). Paper presented at the 2nd European Forum on Sustainable Development, Berlin, Germany, 18-21 June 2007.
NNPC. Draft Nigerian Bio-fuel policy and incentives. Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Abuja 2007.
Ohimain EI. Emerging bio-ethanol projects in Nigeria; their opportunities and challenges. Energy Policy 2010; 38: 7161-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.07.038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.07.038
Ohimain EI. Evaluation of pioneering bioethanol projects in Nigeria following the announcement and implementation of the Nigerian biofuel policy and incentives. Energy Sources Part B 2012a; In press.
Ohimain EI. Environmental impacts of smallholder ethanol production from cassava feedstock for the replacement of kerosene household cooking fuel in Nigeria. Energy Sources Part A 2012b; In press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2010.529565
Malik US, Ahmed M, Sombilla MA, Cueno SL. Biofuel production for smallholder producers in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Appl Energy 2009; 86: S58-S68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.04.048
Adenikinju AF. Electricity infrastructure failure in Nigeria: a survey-based analysis of the costs and adjustment responses. Energy Policy 2003; 31: 1519-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00208-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00208-2
Ibitoye FI, Adekinikinji A. Future demand for electricity in Nigeria. Appl Energy 2007; 84: 492-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.09.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.09.011
Leng R, Wang C, Zhang C, Dai D, Pu G. Life cycle inventory and energy analysis of cassava-based fuel ethanol in China. J Cleaner Prod 2008; 16: 374-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.12.003
Nguyen TLT, Gheewala SH, Garivait S. Full chain energy analysis of fuel ethanol from cassava in Thailand. Environ Sci Technol 2007a; 41: 4135-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0620641 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es0620641
Dai D, Hu Z, Pu G, Li H, Wang C. Energy efficiency and potentials of cassava fuel ethanol in Guangxi region of China. Energy Convers Manage 2006; 47: 1686-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2005.10.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2005.10.019
Gezer I, Acaroglu M, Haciseferogullari H. Use of energy and labour in apricot agriculture in Turkey. Biomass Bioenergy 2003; 24: 215-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00116-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00116-2
Papong S, Malakul P. Life-cycle energy and environmental analysis of bioethanol production from cassava in Thailand. Bioresource Technol 2010; 101: S112-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.006
Nwanchukwu CC, Lewis C. A net energy analysis of fuels from biomass: the case of Nigeria. Biomass 1986; 11: 271-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(86)90099-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(86)90099-5
Stout BA, Myers CA, Hurand A, Faidley LW. Energy for World Agriculture. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome 1979.
Fadare DA, Bamiro OA, Oni AO. Energy analysis for the production of powdered and pelletized organic fertilizer in Nigeria. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 2009; 4(4): 75-82.
Kizilaslan H. Input-output energy analysis of cherries production in Tokat Province of Turkey. Appl Energy 2009; 86: 1354-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.07.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.07.009
Ozkan B, Kurku A, Akcaoz H. An input-output energy analysis in greenhouse vegetable production: a case study for Antalya region of Turkey. Biomass Bioenergy 2004; 26: 89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00080-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00080-1
Ozkan B, Fert C, Karadeniz CF. Energy and cost analysis for greenhouse and open field grape production. Energy 2007; 32: 1500-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.09.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.09.010
Shahan S, Jafari A, Mobil H, Rafiee S, Karimi M. Energy use and economical analysis of wheat production in Iran: a case study from Ardabil province. J Agric Technol 2008; 4(1): 77-88.
Yilmaz I, Akcaoz H, Ozkan B. An analysis of energy use and input costs for cotton production in Turkey. Renewable Energy 2005; 30: 145-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2004.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2004.06.001
Nanaki EA, Koroneos CJ. Comparative LCA of the use of biodiesel, diesel and gasoline for transportation. J Cleaner Prod 2012; 20: 14-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.07.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.07.026
Nguyen TLT, Gheewala SH, Garivait S. Energy balance and GHG-abatement cost of cassava utilization for fuel ethanol in Thailand. Energy Policy 2007b; 35(9): 4585-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.012
Balogun TF, Bawa GS. Cassava peels in the diet of young pigs in Nigeria. Tropical Anim Health Prod 1997; 29(4): 209-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02632306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02632306
Ofoefule AU, Uzodinma EO. Biogas production from blends of cassava (Manihot utilisima) peels with some animal wastes. Int J Physical Sci 2009; 4(7): 398-402.
Fadare, DA, Bamiro OA, Oni AO. Energy analysis for the production of powdered and pelletized organic fertilizer in Nigeria. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 2009; 4(4): 75-82.
Erdal G, Esengun K, Erdal H, Gunduz O. Energy use and economical analysis of sugar beet production in Tokat province of Turkey. Energy 2007; 32: 35-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.01.007
Kim S, Dale BE. Cumulative energy and global warming impact from the production of biomass for biobased products. J Industr Ecol 2004; 7(3-4): 147-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/108819803323059442 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/108819803323059442
Luken JO, Belting SW, Kumler RL. Target/non-target effects of herbicides in power-line corridor vegetation. J Arboriculture 1993; 19: 299-302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1993.048
Lindsay EA, French K. The impact of the herbicide glyphosate on leaf litter invertebrates within Bitou bush, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp rotundata infestation. Pest Managem Sci 2004; 60: 1205-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.944 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.944
FAO. The State of Food and Agriculture 2008: Biofuels: prospects, risks and opportunities. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, Italy 2008.
Phillips TP, Taylor DS, Sanni L, Akoroda MO. A cassava industrial revolution in Nigeria; the potential for a new industrial crop. The Global Cassava Development Strategy. IFAD/ FAO, Rome 2004.
Naylor RL, Liska AJ, Burke MB, Falcon WP, Gaskell JC, Rozelle SD, Cassman KG. The ripple effect; biofuels, food security, and the environment. Environment 2007; 49(9): 31-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/ENVT.49.9.30-43 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/ENVT.49.9.30-43
NBS (National Bureau of Statistics). Facts and figures 2008. http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/ Assessed 10 January 2010. 2008.
Nweke FI, Spencer DSC, Lynam JK. The Cassava Transformation: Africa’s Best Kept Secrete. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, USA 2002.
Azaino E. Business opportunities in the cassava value chain in Nigeria. http://uptonvilleoginstu.org/cassava. htm, accessed 12 February 2010. 2008.
Okaiyeto PO, Lamidi OS. Research and development in cassava production and ruminant nutrition in Nigeria: an overview. J Eng Appl Sci 2006; 1(2): 117-24.
Adenikinju AF. Efficiency of the energy sector and its impact on the competitiveness of the Nigerian economy. Int Assoc Energy Econ 2008; Q1: 27-31.
Ikeme J, Ebohon OJ. Nigeria’s electric power sector reform; what should form the key objectives? Energy Policy 2005; 33: 1213-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2003.11.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2003.11.018
Jekayinfa SO, Olajide JO. Analysis of energy usage in the production of three selected cassava-based foods in Nigeria. J Food Eng 2007; 82: 217-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.02.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.02.003
Knipscheer H, Ezedinma C, Kormawa P, Asumugha G, Makinde K, Okechukwu R, Dixon A. Opportunities in the industrial cassava market in Nigeria. International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria 2007.
Sriroth K. Chollakup R, Chotineeranat S, Piyachomkwan K, Oates CG. Processing of cassava wastes for improved biomass utilization. Biores Technol 2000; 71: 63-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00051-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00051-6
Pandey A, Soccol CR, Nigam P, Soccol VT, Vandenberghe LPS, Mohan R. Biotechnological potential of agro-industrial residues. II; cassava bagasse. Biores Technol 2000; 74: 81-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00143-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00143-1
Moreira JR, Sierra GE. Alternative fuels: Brazilian outlook, In: Dessai AV, Ed. Alternative Liquid Fuels. New Age International Ltd Publishers, New Delhi, India 1990; pp. 8-87.
Pimentel D, Patzek TW. Ethanol production using corn, switch grass and wood; biodiesel production using soya beans and sunflower. Nat Resour Res 2005; 14(1): 65-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11053-005-4679-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-005-4679-8
Rajvanshi AK. Ethanol fuel for rural households. Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute, Maharashtra, India. http://nariphaltan.virtualave.net/ruralethanol.pdf. Accessed 12 December 2009; 2006.
Rajvanshi AK. Ethanol lantern cum stove for rural areas. Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute, Maharashtra, India 2009.
Rajvanshi AK, Patil SM, Mendonca B. Low concentration ethanol stove for rural areas in India. Energy for Sust Dev 2007; 11(1): 63-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60568-2
Plevin R, Donnelly D. Converting waste to energy and profit; tapioca starch power in Thailand. Ren Energy World. September-October Edition 2004; 74-81.
Itodo IN, Agyo GE, Yusuf P. Performance evaluation of a biogas stove for cooking in Nigeria. J Energy in Southern Africa 2007; 18(3): 14-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2007/v18i4a3391
Ajao EA, Anurigwo S. Land-based Sources of Pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria Ambio 2002; 31(5): 442-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-31.5.442
Davis SC, Anderson-Teixeira KJ. Life-cycle analysis and the ecology of biofuels. Trends Plant Sci 2009; 14(3): 140-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2008.12.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2008.12.006
Lavigne A, Powers SE. Evaluating fuel ethanol feedstocks from energy perspectives: a comparative energy assessment of corn and corn stover. Energy Policy 2007; 35: 5918-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.07.002
Hu Z, Fang F, Ben D, Pu G, Wang C. Net energy, CO2 emission, and life-cycle cost assessment of cassava-based ethanol as an alternative automotive fuel in China. Appl Energy 2004a; 78: 247-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2003.09.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2003.09.003
Hu Z, Pu G, Fang, F, Wang C. Economics, environment, and energy life cycle assessment of automobiles fuelled by bioethanol blends in China. Ren Energy 2004b; 29: 2183-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2004.03.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2004.03.014
Adeniyi OD, Kovo AS, Abdulkareem AS, Chuckwudozie C. Ethanol fuel production from cassava as a substitute for gasoline. J Dispers Sci Technol 2007; 28: 501-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932690701276940 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01932690701276940
Robinson J. Bio-ethanol as a household cooking fuel. A mini pilot study of the superblu stove in peri-urban Malawi. MSc Thesis, Loughborough University, Leics, UK 2006.
Sanden BA, Karlström M. Positive and negative feedback in consequential life-cycle assessment. J Cleaner Prod 2007; 15(15): 1469-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.03.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.03.005
Ohimain EI, Silas-Olu DI, Zipamoh JT. Biowastes Generation by Small Scale Cassava Processing Centres in Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Greener J Environ Manag Public Safety 2013; 2(1): 51-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15580/GJEMPS.2013.1.112712294
Von Blottnitz H, Curran MA. A review of assessments conducted on bio-ethanol as a transportation fuel from a net energy, greenhouse gas, and environmental life cycle perspective. J Cleaner Prod 2007; 15(7): 607-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.03.002
Uihlein A, Ehrenberge S, Schebek L. Utilisation options of renewable resources: a life cycle assessment of selected products. J Cleaner Prod 2008; 16(12): 1306-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.06.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.06.009
Silalertruska T, Gheewala SH. Environmental sustainability of bioethanol production in Thailand. Energy 2009; 34: 1933-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.08.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.08.002
Nkakini SO, Ayotamuno MJ, Ogaji SOT, Probert SD. Farm mechanization leading to more effective energy utilization for cassava and yam cultivation in Rivers State, Nigeria. Appl Energy 2006; 83(12): 1371-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.03.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.03.001
Zhang C, Han W, Jing X, Pu G, Wang C. Life cycle economic analysis of fuel ethanol derived from cassava in southwest China. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2003: 7: 353-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(03)00057-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(03)00057-1
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .
