An Adjunct Treatment Reverses Insulin-dependent (Type 1) Diabetes in a Teenager
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-3037.2014.03.01.5Keywords:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent diabetes, juvenile diabetes, autoimmune disorder, nutritional therapyAbstract
Globally, more than 30 million people suffer from diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) characterized by pancreas producing little or no insulin hormone to facilitate glucose entering cells for energy production. T1DM patients tend to suffer a higher overall rate of atherosclerosis, cancer, and end-stage renal failure. No drug or surgical therapy seems to halt its annual upward trend amongst children and young adults. Consequently, a significant number of sufferers turn to complementary or alternative therapies for help to arrest this chronic endocrine condition. This paper discusses how a well-designed evidence-based dietary and nutritional therapy with some lifestyle modifications might offer a solution for this highly complex autoimmune disorder. The treatment outcome demonstrated a partial regeneration of pancreatic islet beta cells with substantial improvement for all relevant serum and urine markers tested.
References
Fu Z, Gilbert ER, Liu D. Regulation of insulin synthesis and secretion and pancreatic Beta-cell dysfunction in diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2013; 9(1): 25-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399811309010025
Helgeson VS, Viccaro L, Becker D, Escobar O, Siminerio L. Diet of adolescents with and without diabetes: Trading candy for potato chips? Diabetes Care 2006; 29(5): 982-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc05-219
Lodefalk M and Aman J. Food habits, energy and nutrient intake in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 1225-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01971.x
Randecker GA, Smiciklas-Wright H, McKenzie JM, Shannon BM, Mitchell DC, et al. The dietary intake of children with IDDM. Diabetes Care.1996; 19: 1370-4.
Johnson RJ, Segal MS, Sautin Y, Nakagawa T, Feig DI et al. Potential role of sugar (fructose) in the epidemic of hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86(4): 899-906.
Fort P, Lifshitz F. Magnesium status in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 1986; 5(1): 69-78.
Ponder SW, Brouhard BH, Travis LB. Hyperphosphaturia and hypermagnesuria in children with IDDM. Diabetes Care 1990; 13(4) : 437-41.
Bantle J. The dietary treatment of diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am 1988; 72(6): 1285-99.
Ascherio A and Willett W. Health effects of trans fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr, 1997; 66: 1006-10.
Zeyuan D, Bingying T, Xiaolin L, Jinming H, Yifeng C. Effect of green tea and black tea on the metabolisms of mineral elements in old rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 1998; 65(1): 75-86.
Raman A, Lau C. Anti-diabetic properties and phytochemistry of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae). Phytomedicine 1996; 2(4): 349-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(96)80080-8
Yibchok-anun S, Adisakwattana S, Yao CY, Sangvanich P, Roengsumran S, et al. Slow acting protein extract from fruit pulp of Momordica charantia with insulin secretagogue and insulinomimetic activities. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29(6): 1126-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.1126
Roffey BW, Atwal AS, Johns T, Kubow S. Water extracts from Momordica charantia increase glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion in 3T3-L1 adipose cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 112(1): 77-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.02.003
Fuangchan A, Sonthisombat P, Seubnukarn T, Chanouan R, Chotchaisuwat P, et al. Hypoglycemic effect of bitter melon compared with metformin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 134(2): 422-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.045
Khanna P, Jain SC, Panagariya A, Dixit VP. Hypoglycemic activity of polypeptide-p from a plant source. J Nat Prod 1981; 44: 648-55.
Sarkar S, Pranava M, Marita R. Demonstration of the hypoglycemic action of Momordica charantia in a validated animal model of diabetes. Pharmacol Res 1996; 33(1): 1-4.
Virdi J, Sivakami S, Shahani S, Suthar AC, Banavalikar MM, et al. Antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts from Momordica charantia. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 88(1):
-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00184-3
Krawinkel MB, Keding GB. Bitter gourd (Momordica Charantia): A dietary approach to hyperglycemia. Nutr Rev 2006; 64(7 Pt 1): 331-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00217.x
Chen Q, Chan LL, Li ET. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) reduces adiposity, lowers serum insulin and normalizes glucose tolerance in rats fed a high fat diet. J Nutr 2003; 133(4): 1088-93.
Sharma A, Kharb S, Chugh SN, Kakkar R, Singh GP. Evaluation of oxidative stress before and after control of glycemia and after vitamin E supplementation in diabetic patients. Metabolism 2000; 49: 160-2.
Santini SA, Marra G, Giardina B, Cottroneo P, Mordente A, Martorana GE, et al. Defective plasma antioxidant defenses and enhanced susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in uncomplicated IDDM. Diabetes 1997; 46: 1853-8.
Udani JK, Singh BB, Barrett ML, Singh VJ. Evaluation of mangosteen juice blend on biomarkers of inflammation in obese subjects: a pilot, dose finding study. Nutr J 2009; 8: 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-8-48
Lucas EA, Li W, Peterson SK, Brown A, Kuvibidila S, et al. Mango modulates body fat and plasma glucose and lipids in mice fed a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2011; 106(10): 1495-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511002066
Adesida A, Farombi EO. Free radical scavenging activities of guava extract in vitro. Afr J Med Med Sci 2012; 41(S): 81-90.
Lin CY, Yin MC. Renal protective effects of extracts from guava fruit (Psidium guajava L.) in diabetic mice. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2012; 67(3): 303-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-012-0294-0
Thaipong K, Boonprakob U, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Byrne DH. Hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities of guava fruits. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005; 36(S4): 254-7.
Thuaytong W, Anprung P. Bioactive compounds and prebiotic activity in Thailand-grown red and white guava fruit (Psidium guajava L.). Food Sci Technol Int 2011; 17(3): 205-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013210382066
Manya K, Champion B, Dunning T. The use of complementary and alternative medicine among people living with diabetes in Sydney. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012; 12: 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-2
Fabian E, Toscher S, Elmadfa I, Pieber TR.Use of complementary and alternative medicine supplements in patients with diabetes mellitus. Ann Nutr Metab 2011; 58(2): 101-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000326765
Deng RT. A review of the hypoglycemic effects of five commonly used herbal food supplements. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2012; 4(1): 50-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212798411204010050
Akilen R, Tsiami A, Devendra D, Robinson N. Cinnamon in glycaemic control: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2012; 31(5): 609-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.04.003
Anderson RA. Chromium and polyphenols from cinnamon improve insulin sensitivity. Proc Nutr Soc 2008; 67(1): 48-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0029665108006010
Lee SH, Lim SW, Lee YM, Lee HS, Kim DK. Polysaccharide isolated from Triticum aestivum stimulates insulin release from pancreatic cells via the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Int J Mol Med 2012; 29(5): 913-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2012.905
Mayer-Davis EJ, D'Agostino R Jr, Karter AJ, Haffner SM, Rewers MJ, et al. Intensity and amount of physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA 1998; 279: 669-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.9.669
Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Physical activity and reduced occurance of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N Eng J Med.1991; 325: 147-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199107183250302
Fowler SP, Williams K, Resendez RG, Hunt KJ, Hazuda HP, et al. Fuelling the obesity epidemic? Artificially sweetened beverage use and long-term weight gain. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16(8): 1894-900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.284
Del Turco S and Basta G. An update on advanced glycation endproducts and atherosclerosis. Biofactors 2012; 10: 1002-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biof.1018
Persaud SJ, Al-Majed H, Raman A, Jones PM. Gymnema sylvestre stimulates insulin release in vitro by increased membrane permeability. J Endocrinol 1999; 163(2): 207-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1630207
Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER. Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. J Ethnopharmacol 1990; 30(3): 295-300.
Liu B, Asare-Anane H, Al-Romaiyan A, Huang G, Amiel SA, et al. Characterisation of the insulinotropic activity of an aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre in mouse beta-cells and human islets of Langerhans. Cell Physiol Biochem 2009; 23(1-3): 125-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000204101
Shanmugasundaram ER, Gopinath KL, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Rajendran VM. Possible regeneration of the islets of Langerhans in streptozotocin-diabetic rats given Gymnema sylvestre leaf extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 1990; 30(3): 265-79.
Shanmugasundaram ER, Rajeswari G, Baskaran K, Rajesh Kumar BR, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, et al. Use of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract in the control of blood glucose in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol 1990; 30(3): 281-94.
el-Yazigi A, Hannan N, Raines DA. Effect of diabetic state and related disorders on the urinary excretion of magnesium and zinc in patients. Diabetes Res 1993; 22(2): 67-75.
Karagun BS, Temiz F, Ozer G, Yuksel B, Topaloglu AK, et al. Chromium levels in healthy and newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic children. Pediatr Int 2012; 54(6): 780-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2012.03696.x
Anderson RA. Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2000; 26(1): 22-7. http://dx.doi.org/DM-03-2000-26-1-1262-3636-101019-ART67
Guimaraes MM, Martins Silva Carvalho AC, Silva MS. Chromium nicotinate has no effect on insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and lipid profile in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 2013; 32(4): 243-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2013.816598
Golbidi S, Badran M, Laher I. Diabetes and alpha lipoic Acid. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2: 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2011.00069
Singh U and Jialal I. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation and diabetes. Nutr Rev 2008; 66(11): 646-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00118.x
Tankova T, Koev D, Dakovska L. Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of autonomic diabetic neuropathy (controlled,
randomized, open-label study). Rom J Intern Med 2004; 42(2): 457-64.
Ziegler D. Thioctic acid for patients with symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: a critical review. Treat Endocrinol 2004; 3(3): 173-89.
Smith AR, Shenvi SV, Widlansky M, Suh JH, Hagen TM. Lipoic acid as a potential therapy for chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem 2004; 11(9): 1135-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867043365387
Olsen BS, Sjølie AK, Hougaard P, Johannesen J, Marinelli K, et al. The significance of the prepubertal diabetes duration for the development of retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2004; 18(3): 160-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1056-8727(03)00073-4
Suzen S, Buyukbingol E. Recent studies of aldose reductase enzyme inhibition for diabetic complications. Curr Med Chem 2003; 10(15): 1329-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867033457377
Baena RM, Campoy C, Bayés R, Blanca E, Fernández JM. Vitamin A, retinol binding protein and lipids in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56: 44-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj/ejcn/1601279
Wasserfall C and Atkinson M. Taking a Daily Vitamin to Prevent Type 1 Diabetes? Diabetes 2009; 58(1): 24-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db08-1479
Zunino SJ, Storms DH, Stephensen CB. Diets rich in polyphenols and vitamin A inhibit the development of type I autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Nutr 2007; 137(5): 1216-21.
Gupta S, Sharma TK, Kaushik GG, Shekhawat VP. Vitamin E supplementation may ameliorate oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Clin Lab 2011; 57(5-6): 379-86.
Jain SK, McVie R, Jaramillo JJ, Palmer M, Smith T. Effect of modest vitamin E supplementation on blood glycated hemoglobin and triglyceride levels and red cell indices in type I diabetic patients. J Am Coll Nutr 1996; 15(5): 458-61.
Pozzilli P, Visalli N, Cavallo MG, Signore A, Baroni MG et al. Vitamin E and nicotinamide have similar effects in maintaining residual beta cell function in recent onset insulin-dependent diabetes (the IMDIAB IV study). Eur J Endocrinol 1997; 137(3): 234-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1370234
Ceriello A, Piconi L, Esposito K, Giugliano D. Telmisartan shows an equivalent effect of vitamin C in further improving endothelial dysfunction after glycemia normalization in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(7): 1694-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc07-0318
Cunningham JJ, Mearkle PL, Brown RG. Vitamin C: an aldose reductase inhibitor that normalizes erythrocyte sorbitol in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 1994; 13(4): 344-50.
Vincent TE, Mendiratta S, May JM. Inhibition of aldose reductase in human erythrocytes by vitamin C. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1999; 43(1): 1-8.
MacKenzie KE, Wiltshire EJ, Gent R, Hirte C, Piotto L, et al. Folate and vitamin B6 rapidly normalize endothelial dysfunction in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2006; 118(1): 242-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2143
Pena AS, Wiltshire E, Gent R, Hirte C, Couper J. Folic acid improves endothelial function in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 2004; 144(4): 500-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.12.049
Pena AS, Wiltshire E, Gent R, Piotto L, Hirte C, Couper J. Folic acid does not improve endothelial function in obese children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(8): 2122-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc06-2505
Kawasaki E, Abiru N, Eguchi K. Prevention of type 1 diabetes: from the view point of beta cell damage. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004; 66(S1): S27-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2003.09.015
Crino A, Schiaffini R, Manfrini S, Mesturino C, Visalli N, et al. A randomized trial of nicotinamide and vitamin E in children with recent onset type 1 diabetes (IMDIAB IX). Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 150(5): 719-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1500719
Wahren J , Ekberg K , Johansson J , Henriksson M , Pramanik A , et al. Role of C-peptide in human physiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278(5): E759-68.
Visalli N, Cavallo MG, Signore A, Baroni MG, Buzzetti R, et al. A multi-centre randomized trial of two different doses of nicotinamide in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (the IMDIAB VI). Diabetes Metab Res Rev 1999; 15(3): 181-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-7560(199905/06)15:3<181::AID-DMRR31>3.0.CO;2-H
Bener A, Alsaied A, Al-Ali M, Al-Kubaisi A, Basha B, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in type 1 diabetes mellitus and healthy children. Acta Diabetol 2009; 46(3): 183-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-008-0071-6
Vojtkova J, Ciljakova M, Vojarova L, Janíkova K, Michnova Z, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and its influence on biochemical and densitometric parameters. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 2012; 55(1): 18-22.
Ponsonby AL, Pezic A, Ellis J, Morley R, Cameron F, et al. Variation in associations between allelic variants of the vitamin D receptor gene and onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus by ambient winter ultraviolet radiation levels: a meta-regression analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 168: 358-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn142
Zipitis CS and Akobeng AK. Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 2008; 93(6): 512-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2007.128579
Ramos-Lopez E, Brück P, Jansen T, Herwig J, Badenhoop K. CYP2R1 (vitamin D 25-hydroxylase) gene is associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and vitamin D levels in Germans. Diabete Metab Res Rev 2007; 23: 631-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.719
Aljabri KS, Bokhari SA, Khan MJ. Glycemic changes after vitamin D supplementation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and vitamin D deficiency. Ann Saudi Med 2010; 30(6): 454-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0256-4947.72265
George PS, Pearson ER, Witham MD. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycaemic control and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2012; 29(8): e142-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03672.x
Mather HM, Nisbet JA, Burton GH, Poston GJ, Bland JM, et al. Hypomagnesemia in diabetes. Clin Chim Acta 1979; 95: 235-42.
Vanroelen WF, Van Gaal LF, Van Rooy PE, De Leeuw IH. Serum and erythrocyte magnesium levels in type I and type II diabetics. Acta Diabetol Lat 1985; 22(3): 185-90.
Atabek ME, Kurtoglu S, Pirgon O, Baykara M. Serum magnesium concentrations in type 1 diabetic patients: relation to early atherosclerosis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 72(1): 42-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2005.09.002
Xu B, Sun J, Deng X, Huang X, Sun W, et al. Low serum magnesium level is associated with microalbuminuria in Chinese diabetic patients. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013: 580685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/580685
Sharma A, Dabla S, Agrawal RP, Barjatya H, Kochar DK, et al. Serum magnesium: an early predictor of course and complications of diabetes mellitus. J Indian Med Assoc 2007; 105(1): 16, 18, 20.
He K, Liu K, Daviglus ML, Morris SJ, Loria CM, et al. Magnesium intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome among young adults. Circulation 2006; 113(13): 1675-82 http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.588327
Elamin A, Tuvemo T. Magnesium and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1990; 10(3): 203-9.
Wester PO. Magnesium. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45(5 Suppl): 1305-12.
Djurhuus MS, Sktt P, Hother-Nielsen O, Klitgaard NAH, Beck-Nielsen H. Insulin increases renal magnesium excretion. Diabet Med 1995; 12: 664-9.
de Valk HW. Magnesium in diabetes mellitus. Neth J Med 1999; 54(4): 139-46.
Atkinson M and Eisenbarth G. Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment. The Lancet 2001; 358: 221-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05415-0
Shapiro AM, Lakey JR, Ryan EA, Korbutt GS, Toth E, et al. Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen. N Engl J Med 2000; 343(4): 230-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200007273430401
Yoon JW and Jun HS. Cellular and molecular pathogenic mechanisms of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 928: 200-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05650.x
Achenbach P, Bonifacio E, Koczwara K, Ziegler AG. Natural history of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2005; 54(S2): S25-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.suppl_2.S25
Gordon-Dseagu V, Shelton N, Mindell J. Epidemiological evidence of a relationship between type-1 diabetes mellitus and cancer: a review of the existing literature. Int J Cancer 2013; 132(3): 501-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27703
Zendehdel K, Nyrén O, Ostenson CG, Adami HO, Ekbom A, et al. Cancer incidence in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95(23): 1797-800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djg105
Krolewski AS, Bonventre JV. High risk of ESRD in type 1 diabetes: call for action: introduction. Semin Nephrol 2012; 32(5): 405-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.07.001
Fandrich F, Ungefroren H. Customized cell-based treatment options to combat autoimmunity and restore beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes mellitus: current protocols and future perspectives. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010; 654: 641-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_28
Arcan C, Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan P, van den Berg P, Story M, et al. Parental eating behaviours, home food environment and adolescent intakes of fruits, vegetables and dairy foods: longitudinal findings from Project EAT. Public Health Nutr 2008; 10: 1257-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007687151
Cullen KW, Baranowski T, Owens E, Marsh T, Rittenberry L, de Moor C. Availability, accessibility, and preferences for fruit, 100% fruit juice and vegetables influence children's dietary behavior. Health Edu & Behavior 2003; 30(5): 615-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198103257254
Mayer-Davis EJ, Nichols M, Liese AD, Bell RA, Dabelea DM, et al. Dietary intake among youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. J Am Diet Assoc 2006; 106(5): 689-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.02.002
Overby NC, Flaaten V, Veierød MB, Bergstad I, Margeirsdottir HD, et al. Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes eat a more atherosclerosis-prone diet than healthy control subjects. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 307-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0540-9
Faulkner MS, Chao WH, Kamath SK, Quinn L, Fritschi C, et al. Homocysteine, Diet, and Lipid Profiles in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Nondiabetic Adolescents. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2006; 21: 47-55.
Jarvisalo MJ, Putto-Laurila A, Jartti L, Lehtimaki T, Solakivi T, Carotid artery intima-media thickness in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2002; 51: 493-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.2.493
Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao WH, Newman WP, Tracy RE, et al. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1650-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199806043382302
Norris JM, Yin X, Lamb MM, Barriga K, Seifert J, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and islet autoimmunity in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes. JAMA 2007; 298(12): 1420-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.12.1420
Stene LC, Joner G; Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group. Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78(6): 1128-34.
Lamberg-Allardt C. Vitamin D in children and adolescents. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 2012; 243: 124-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365513.2012.682885
Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, Jarvelin MR, Virtanen SM. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. The Lancet 2001; 358(9292): 1500-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06580-1
Dahlquist G. Can we slow the rising incidence of childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes? The overload hypothesis. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 20-4.
Gale EA. The rise of childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th century. Diabetes 2002; 51: 3353-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3353
Pihoker C, Gilliam LK, Hampe CS, Lernmark A. Autoantibodies in diabetes. Diabetes 2005; 54(S2): S52-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.suppl_2.S52
Bach JF. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as an autoimmune disease. Endocr Rev 1994; 15(4): 516-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv-15-4-516
Franke B, Galloway TS, Wilkin TJ. Developments in the prediction of type 1 diabetes mellitus, with special reference to insulin autoantibodies. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2005; 21(5): 395-415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.554
Wen L and Wong FS. How can the innate immune system influence autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune disorders? Crit Rev Immunol 2005; 25(3): 225-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v25.i3.40
Bach JF. Infections and autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2005; 25 Suppl: 74-80.
Couper JJ. Environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes. J Paediatr Child Health 2001; 37(3): 218-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1754.2001.00658.x
Gale E. Viruses and type 1 diabetes: ignorance acquires a better vocabulary. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168(1): 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04553.x
Hintermann E and Christen U. Viral infection - a cure for type 1 diabetes? Curr Med Chem 2007; 14(19): 2048-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986707781368397
von Herrath MG, Holz A, Homann D, Oldstone MB. Role of viruses in type I diabetes. Semin Immunol 1998; 10(1): 87-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/smim.1997.0108
Hannonen R, Komulainen J, Riikonen R, Ahonen T, Eklund K, et al. Academic skills in children with early-onset type 1 diabetes: the effects of diabetes-related risk factors. Dev Med Child Neurol 2012; 54(5): 457-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04248.x
Pawłowicz M, Birkholz D, Niedźwiecki M, Balcerska A. Difficulties or mistakes in diagnosing type 1 diabetes in children?--demographic factors influencing delayed diagnosis. Pediatr Diabetes 2009; 10(8): 542-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00516.x
Nishio J, Gaglia JL, Turvey SE, Campbell C, Benoist C, et al. Islet recovery and reversal of murine type 1 diabetes in the absence of any infused spleen cell contribution. Science 2006; 311(5768): 1775-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1124004
Stanger BZ, Tanaka AJ, Melton DA. Organ size is limited by the number of embryonic progenitor cells in the pancreas but not the liver. Nature 2007; 445(7130): 886-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05537
Haller MJ, Atkinson MA, Schatz DA. Efforts to prevent and halt autoimmune beta cell destruction. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39(3): 527-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.006
Silverstein J, Klingensmith G, Copeland K, Plotnick L, Kaufman F, et al. Care of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 186-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.1.186
Gepts W, De Mey J. Islet cell survival determined by morphology. An immunocytochemical study of the islets of Langerhans in juvenile diabetes mellintus. Diabetes 1978; 27(S1): 251-61.
Cooke D and Plotnick L. Type 1 diabetes mellitus in pediatrics. Pediatr Rev 2008; 29 (11): 374-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.29-11-374
Amrani A, Verdaguer J, Thiessen S, Bou S, Santamaria P. IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma mark beta cells for Fas-dependent destruction by diabetogenic CD4(+) T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 2000; 105(4): 459-68.
Shalitin S and Philip M. The role of new technologies in treating children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatric Diabetes 2007; 8(S6): 72-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00279.x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .
