The Effects of Legal and Extralegal Factors on Probation Revocation Decisions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2013.02.3Keywords:
Adult probation, discretion, logistic regressionAbstract
Abstract: This study attempts to further the understanding of how legal and extra legal factors affect the decision of criminal justice professionals, specifically, adult probation officers. The findings show that while both legal and extra legal factors were significant in the decision to revoke probation and the length of the sentence, the factors were different for each decision.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3053987
Bernstein, I.N., Kelly, W.R. & Doyle, P.A. 1977. “Societal Reactions to Deviants: The Case of Criminal Defendants.” American Sociological Review, 42: 743-755.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2094863
Bickle, G.S. & Peterson, R.D. 1991. “The Impact of Gender-Based Family Roles on Criminal Sentencing.” Social Problems, 38(3): 372-394.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/800605
Burke, P. 1997. Policy-Driven Responses to Probation and Parole Violations. Silver Spring, MD: Center for Effective Public Policy.
Chiricos, T.G. & Crawford, C. 1995. “Race and Imprisonment: A Contextual Assessment of the Evidence.” In Hawkins, D.F. (ed.) Ethnicity, Race and Crime: Perspectives Across Time and Place. State University of New York Press: Albany, NY: 281-309.
Daly, K. 1989. “Neither Conflict for Labeling nor Paternalism Will Suffice: Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Family in Criminal Court Decisions.” Crime and Delinquency, 35: 136-168.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128789035001007
Engen, R.L. & Gainey, R.R. 2000. “Modeling the Effects of Legally Relevant and Extralegal Factors Under Sentencing Guidelines: The Rules have Changed.” Criminology, 38: 1207-1225.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb01419.x
Freiburger, T.L. 2010. “The Effects of Gender, Family Status, and Race on Sentencing Decisions.” Sciences and the Law, 24: 378-395.
Freiburger, T.L. 2011. “The Impact of Gender, Offense Type, and Familial Role on the Decision to Incarcerate.” Social Justice Research, 24: 143-167.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11211-011-0133-8
Hagan, J. & Bumiller, K. 1983. “Making Sense of Sentencing: A Review and Critique of Sentencing Research.” In Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., Martin, S.E. & Tonry, M.H. (eds.), Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform, Vol.2, National Academy Press: Washington, DC: 1-54.
Huebner, B.M. & Bynum, T.S. 2006. “An Analysis of Parole Decision Making Using a Sample of Sex Offenders: A Focal Concerns Perspective.” Criminology, 44: 961-991.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00069.x
Johnson, B. 2006. “The Multilevel Context of Criminal Sentencing: Integrating Judge-and County Level Influences.” Criminology, 44: 259-298.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00049.x
Kramer, J. & Steffensmeier, D. 1993. “Race and Imprisonment Decisions.” Sociological Quarterly, 34: 357-376.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1993.tb00395.x
Mitchell, O. 2005. “A Meta-Analysis of Race and Sentencing Research: Explaining the Inconsistencies.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21(4): 439-466.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10940-005-7362-7
Myers, M.A. & Talarico, S.M. 1986. “The Social Contexts of Racial Discrimination in Sentencing.” Social Problems, 33: 236-251.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/800707
Piliavin, I. & Briar, S. 1964. “Police Encounters with Juveniles.” American Journal of Sociology, 70: 206-214.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/223794
Spohn, C. 1999. “Gender and Sentencing of Drug Offenders: Is Chivalry Dead?” Criminal Justice Policy Review, 9(3): 365-399.
Spohn, C. 2000. “Thirty Years of Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a Racially Neutral Sentencing Process.” In National Institute of Justice (ed.), Policies, Processes and Decisions of the Criminal Justice System: Criminal Justice 2000, Vol.3. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
Spohn, C. & Beichner, D. 2000. “Is Preferential Treatment of Felony Offenders a Thing of the Past? A Multisite Study of Gender, Race and Imprisonment.” Criminal Justice Policy Review, 11(2): 149-184.
Spohn, C. & Holleran, D. 2000. “The Imprisonment Penalty Paid by Younger, Unemployed Black and Hispanic Male Offenders.” Criminology, 38: 281-306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00891.x
Steffensmeier, D. & Demuth, S. 2001. “Ethnicity and Judges Sentencing Decisions: Hispanic Black-White Comparisons.” Criminology, 39: 145-178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00919.x
Steffensmeier, D. & Demuth, S. 2006. “Does Gender Modify the Effects of Race-Ethnicity Criminal Sentence? Sentences for Male and Female White, Black and Hispanic Defendants.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22: 241-261.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10940-006-9010-2
Steffensmeier, D., Kramer, J. & Streifel, C. 1993. “Gender and Imprisonment Decisions.” Criminology, 31(3): 411-446.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01136.x
Steffensmeier, D., Kramer, J. & Ulmer, J. 1995. “Age Differences in Sentencing.” Justice Quarterly, 12: 583-602.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418829500096151
Steffensmeier, D., Ulmer, J. & Kramer, J. 1998. “The Interaction of Race, Gender and Age in Criminal Sentencing: The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black and Male.” Criminology, 36(4): 763-797.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x
Steiner, B., Makarios, M.D., Travis, III, L.F. & Meade, B. 2011. “Short-Term Effects of Sanctioning Reform on Parole Officers’ Revocation Decisions.” Law and Society Review, 42(2): 371-400.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00440.x
Ulmer, J. & Johnson, B. 2004. “Sentencing in Context: A Multilevel Analysis.” Criminology, 42: 197-177.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00516.x
Zatz, M.S. 2000. “The Convergence of Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Class on Decision Making: Looking Toward the 21st Century.” In Horney, J. (ed.) Criminal Justice 2000, Vol. 3: Policies, Processes and Decisions of the Justice System. Department of Justice: Washington, DC.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3053987
Bernstein, I.N., Kelly, W.R. & Doyle, P.A. 1977. “Societal Reactions to Deviants: The Case of Criminal Defendants.” American Sociological Review, 42: 743-755.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2094863
Bickle, G.S. & Peterson, R.D. 1991. “The Impact of Gender-Based Family Roles on Criminal Sentencing.” Social Problems, 38(3): 372-394.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/800605
Burke, P. 1997. Policy-Driven Responses to Probation and Parole Violations. Silver Spring, MD: Center for Effective Public Policy.
Chiricos, T.G. & Crawford, C. 1995. “Race and Imprisonment: A Contextual Assessment of the Evidence.” In Hawkins, D.F. (ed.) Ethnicity, Race and Crime: Perspectives Across Time and Place. State University of New York Press: Albany, NY: 281-309.
Daly, K. 1989. “Neither Conflict for Labeling nor Paternalism Will Suffice: Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Family in Criminal Court Decisions.” Crime and Delinquency, 35: 136-168.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128789035001007
Engen, R.L. & Gainey, R.R. 2000. “Modeling the Effects of Legally Relevant and Extralegal Factors Under Sentencing Guidelines: The Rules have Changed.” Criminology, 38: 1207-1225.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb01419.x
Freiburger, T.L. 2010. “The Effects of Gender, Family Status, and Race on Sentencing Decisions.” Sciences and the Law, 24: 378-395.
Freiburger, T.L. 2011. “The Impact of Gender, Offense Type, and Familial Role on the Decision to Incarcerate.” Social Justice Research, 24: 143-167.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11211-011-0133-8
Hagan, J. & Bumiller, K. 1983. “Making Sense of Sentencing: A Review and Critique of Sentencing Research.” In Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., Martin, S.E. & Tonry, M.H. (eds.), Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform, Vol.2, National Academy Press: Washington, DC: 1-54.
Huebner, B.M. & Bynum, T.S. 2006. “An Analysis of Parole Decision Making Using a Sample of Sex Offenders: A Focal Concerns Perspective.” Criminology, 44: 961-991.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00069.x
Johnson, B. 2006. “The Multilevel Context of Criminal Sentencing: Integrating Judge-and County Level Influences.” Criminology, 44: 259-298.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00049.x
Kramer, J. & Steffensmeier, D. 1993. “Race and Imprisonment Decisions.” Sociological Quarterly, 34: 357-376.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1993.tb00395.x
Mitchell, O. 2005. “A Meta-Analysis of Race and Sentencing Research: Explaining the Inconsistencies.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21(4): 439-466.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10940-005-7362-7
Myers, M.A. & Talarico, S.M. 1986. “The Social Contexts of Racial Discrimination in Sentencing.” Social Problems, 33: 236-251.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/800707
Piliavin, I. & Briar, S. 1964. “Police Encounters with Juveniles.” American Journal of Sociology, 70: 206-214.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/223794
Spohn, C. 1999. “Gender and Sentencing of Drug Offenders: Is Chivalry Dead?” Criminal Justice Policy Review, 9(3): 365-399.
Spohn, C. 2000. “Thirty Years of Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a Racially Neutral Sentencing Process.” In National Institute of Justice (ed.), Policies, Processes and Decisions of the Criminal Justice System: Criminal Justice 2000, Vol.3. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
Spohn, C. & Beichner, D. 2000. “Is Preferential Treatment of Felony Offenders a Thing of the Past? A Multisite Study of Gender, Race and Imprisonment.” Criminal Justice Policy Review, 11(2): 149-184.
Spohn, C. & Holleran, D. 2000. “The Imprisonment Penalty Paid by Younger, Unemployed Black and Hispanic Male Offenders.” Criminology, 38: 281-306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00891.x
Steffensmeier, D. & Demuth, S. 2001. “Ethnicity and Judges Sentencing Decisions: Hispanic Black-White Comparisons.” Criminology, 39: 145-178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00919.x
Steffensmeier, D. & Demuth, S. 2006. “Does Gender Modify the Effects of Race-Ethnicity Criminal Sentence? Sentences for Male and Female White, Black and Hispanic Defendants.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22: 241-261.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10940-006-9010-2
Steffensmeier, D., Kramer, J. & Streifel, C. 1993. “Gender and Imprisonment Decisions.” Criminology, 31(3): 411-446.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01136.x
Steffensmeier, D., Kramer, J. & Ulmer, J. 1995. “Age Differences in Sentencing.” Justice Quarterly, 12: 583-602.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418829500096151
Steffensmeier, D., Ulmer, J. & Kramer, J. 1998. “The Interaction of Race, Gender and Age in Criminal Sentencing: The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black and Male.” Criminology, 36(4): 763-797.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x
Steiner, B., Makarios, M.D., Travis, III, L.F. & Meade, B. 2011. “Short-Term Effects of Sanctioning Reform on Parole Officers’ Revocation Decisions.” Law and Society Review, 42(2): 371-400.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00440.x
Ulmer, J. & Johnson, B. 2004. “Sentencing in Context: A Multilevel Analysis.” Criminology, 42: 197-177.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00516.x
Zatz, M.S. 2000. “The Convergence of Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Class on Decision Making: Looking Toward the 21st Century.” In Horney, J. (ed.) Criminal Justice 2000, Vol. 3: Policies, Processes and Decisions of the Justice System. Department of Justice: Washington, DC.
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Published
2013-03-27
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Verrecchia, P., & Ling, E. (2013). The Effects of Legal and Extralegal Factors on Probation Revocation Decisions. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 2, 13–19. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2013.02.3
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