A Generalization of the «Lady-Tasting-Tea» Procedure to Link Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches in Psychiatric Research
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6029.2013.02.02.02Keywords:
Randomization, power calculation, permutation test, clinical recordsAbstract
In Fisher’s “The Design of Experiments”, a trial was designed to test a lady’s claim to be able to discriminate whether the milk or the tea was added first to a cup. In this trial, eight cups are poured, four with milk first and four with tea first. They are then presented in random order to a subject who has to divide them into two sets of 4, according his/her belief about the "treatment" received. The present paper generalizes this design so that a hypothesis concerning the existence of two sub groups in a set of psychiatric patient records (whether written, audiotaped or videotaped) can be tested rigorously from a statistical point of view. Tables are proposed to enable power and sample size calculations. A real example is presented; it shows that psycho-dynamically oriented professionals are able to discriminate seven healthy adults who have experienced a sibling’s cancer during childhood or adolescence from seven matched controls. This method is particularly suited to small sample studies that explore elusive clinical hypotheses traditionally tackled with qualitative methodologies.
References
Hall NS. R. A. Fisher and his advocacy of randomization. J Hist Biol 2007; 40(2): 295-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10739-006-9119-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-006-9119-z
Stigler SM. Mathematical statistics in the early states. Ann Statist 1978; 6(2): 239-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344123
Peirce C, Jastrow J. On small differences of sensations. Memoirs Natl Acad Sci 1884 1885; 3: 75-83.
Fisher SRA. The design of experiments. Hafner 1951.
Salsburg D. The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century. Holt Paperbacks 2002.
Edgington ES. Randomization Tests 3e. Marcel Dekker 1995.
Edgington ES. Randomized single-subject experimental designs. Behav Res Therapy 1996; 34(7): 567-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(96)00012-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(96)00012-5
Marascuilo LA, Busk PL. Combining statistics for multiple-baseline AB and replicated ABAB designs across subjects. Behav Assessm 1988; 10(1): 1-28.
Ferron J, Ware W. Analyzing Single-Case Data: The Power of Randomization Tests. J Exper Educ 1995; 63(2): 167-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1995.9943820 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1995.9943820
Efron B, Tibshirani R. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman & Hall 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4541-9
Neuhäuser M. The Choice of α for One-Sided Tests. Drug Informat J 2004; 38: 57-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286150403800108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/009286150403800108
R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Internet]. 2004; Available from: http://www.R-project.org
Cohen D, Milman D, Venturyera V, Falissard B. Psychodynamic Experience Enhances Recognition of Hidden Childhood Trauma. PLoS ONE 2011; 6(4): e18470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018470 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018470
Mezzich JE. Institutional consolidation and global impact: towards a psychiatry for the person. World Psychiatry 2006; 5(2): 65-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00157.x
Myers M. Qualitative Research and the Generalizability Question: Standing Firm with Proteus. Qualitative Report 2000; 4(3/4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2000.2925
Hagemann N, Strauss B, Leißing J. When the Referee Sees Red. Psychol Sci 2008; 19(8): 769-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02155.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02155.x
Kadouri A, Corruble E, Falissard B. The improved Clinical Global Impression Scale (iCGI): development and validation in depression. BMC Psychiatry 2007; 7: 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-7-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-7-7
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 Bruno Falissard, Daniel Milman, David Cohen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .