The Utilization of Process Evaluations in Childhood Obesity Intervention Research: A Review of Reviews
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2013.02.04.1Keywords:
Process Evaluation, Childhood obesityAbstract
Process evaluations are an essential component to evaluating health promotion programs, however they are consistently under-utilized and oftentimes not reported upon in the literature. This study reports the use of process evaluations in childhood obesity prevention interventions implemented over the past three decades. Seven meta-analyses and systematic reviews were located for this review or reviews, and from these, 119 unique references were identified. Each article was retrieved and read for appropriateness, and 20 were excluded for a variety of reasons (ex. not published in English language), resulting in 99 articles included for this study. Overall, process evaluations were not well reported upon. Only 38 studies reported the fidelity of program implementation, 25 studies tracked participant attendance, 29 studied evaluated participant satisfaction, and 49 studies reported how staff members were trained. Additionally, one-third of the studies did not report using a single type of process evaluation, and only 5 studies reported using all four types. Results from this study suggest that the use of process evaluations has been low in this area of research, which may explain why many obesity prevention studies have reported mixed or modest results. Suggestions for implementing simple, yet effective process evaluations in future studies will be presented.
References
Finer N. Medical consequences of obesity. Medicine 2011; 39: 18-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2010.11.008
Puhl R, Brownell KD. Bias, discrimination, and obesity. Obes Res 2001; 9: 788-805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2001.108
Strauss RS, Pollack HA. Social marginalization of overweight children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157: 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.157.8.746
Gonzalez-Suarez C, Worley A, Grimmer-Somers K, Dones V. School-based interventions on childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med 2009; 37: 418-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.012
Cook-Cottone C, Casey CM, Feeley TH, Baran J. A meta-analytic review of obesity prevention in the schools: 1997–2008. Psychol Schools 2009; 46: 695-719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pits.20409
Kanekar A, Sharma M. Meta-analysis of school-based childhood obesity interventions in the UK and US. Int Q Community Health Educ 2008; 29: 241-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/IQ.29.3.d
Green LW, Kreuter MW. Health program planning: An educational and ecological approach. 4th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill 2005.
Bartholomew LK, Parcel GS, Kok G, Gottlieb NH, Fernandez ME. Planning health promotion programs: An Intervention Mapping Approach. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 2011.
Kreuter MW. Patch: its origin, basic concepts, and links to contemporary public health policy. J Health Educ 1992; 23: 135-39.
Simons-Morton B, McLeroy K, Wendel M. Behavior theory in health promotion practice and research. 1st ed. Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett 2012.
Doak CM, Visscher TLS, Renders CM, Seidell JC. The prevention of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a review of interventions and programmes. Obes Rev 2006; 7: 111-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00234.x
Katz DL, O'Connell M, Njike VY, Yeh MC, Nawaz H. Strategies for the prevention and control of obesity in the school setting: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes 2008; 32: 1780-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.158
Shaya FT, Flores D, Gbarayor CM, Wang J. School-based obesity interventions: a literature review. J Sch Health 2008; 78: 189-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00285.x
Summerbell CD, Waters E, Edmunds LD, Kelly S, Brown T, Campbell KJ. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. COCH 2005; 3.
Berkey CS, Rockett HR, Gillman MW, Colditz GA. One-year changes in activity and in inactivity among 10-to 15-year-old boys and girls: relationship to change in body mass index. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 836-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.4.836
Kimm SY, Glynn NW, Obarzanek E, Kriska AM, Daniels SR, Barton BA, Liu K. Relation between the changes in physical activity and body-mass index during adolescence: a multicentre longitudinal study. Lancet 2005; 366: 301-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66837-7
Lohman T, Thompson J, Going S, et al. Indices of changes in adiposity in American Indian children. Prev Med 2003; 37: S91-6.
Rochon J, Klesges RC, Story M, et al. Common design elements of the girls health enrichment multi-site studies (GEMS). Ethn Dis 2003; 13: S16-14.
Stewart KJ, Brown CS, Hickey CM, McFarland LD, Weinhofer JJ, Gottlieb SH. Physical fitness, physical activity, and fatness in relation to blood pressure and lipids in preadolescent children: Results from the Fresh Study. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1995; 15: 122-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-199503000-00005
Warren JM, Henry CJK, Simonite V. Low glycemic index breakfasts and reduced food intake in preadolescent children. Pediatrics 2003; 112: e414-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.5.e414
Story M, Sherwood NE, Obarzanek E, et al. Recruitment of African-American pre-adolescent girls into an obesity prevention trial: the GEMS pilot studies. Ethn Dis 2003; 13: S178-87.
Atkinson RL, Nitzke SA. Randomized controlled trial of primary-school based intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity. J Pediatr 2002; 140: 633-4.
Kerr CM. A school-based, interdisciplinary curriculum in grades 6 and 7 reduced obesity in girls. Evid Based Nurs 2000; 3: 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebn.3.1.13
Robinson TN. Can a school-based intervention to reduce television use decrease adiposity in children in grades 3 and 4?. West J Med 2000; 173: 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ewjm.173.1.40
Walter HJ, Wynder EL. The development, implementation, evaluation, and future directions of a chronic disease prevention program for children: the "Know Your Body" studies. Prev Med 1989; 18: 59-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(89)90054-6
Perry CL, Stone EJ, Parcel GS, et al. School-based cardiovascular health promotion: the child and adolescent trial for cardiovascular health (CATCH). J Sch Health 1990; 60: 406-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1990.tb05960.x
Yin Z, Gutin B, Johnson MH, et al. An environmental approach to obesity prevention in children: Medical College of Georgia FitKid Project year 1 results. Obesity 2005; 13: 2153-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.267
Zahner L, Puder JJ, Roth R, et al. A school-based physical activity program to improve health and fitness in children aged 6–13 years. BMC Public Health 2006; 6: 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-147
Hsu L, Wang R. The effectiveness of an intervention program to promote physical activity among female adolescents in a vocational nursing school. J Nursing-Taipei 2004; 51: 27-36.
Seo NS, Kim YH, Kang HY. Effects of an obesity control program based on behavior modification and self-efficacy in obese elementary school children. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2005; 35: 611-20.
Suzuki M, Tatsumi M. Effect of therapeutic exercise on physical fitness in a school health program for obese children. Jpn J Public Health 1993; 40: 17-28.
Rowland TW, Boyajian A. Aerobic response to endurance exercise training in children. Pediatrics 1995; 96: 654-8.
Just for Kids. Fairfax CA. Balboa Publishing Corporation. The evaluation of a school-based obesity prevention program among fourth grade students [cited May 2013]: Available from http://www.just-for-kids.org/links.htm
Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Conway TL, et al. Environmental interventions for eating and physical activity: A randomized controlled trial in middle schools. Am J Prev Med 2003; 24: 209-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00646-3
Baranowski T, Baranowski JC, Cullen KW, et al. The fun, food, and fitness project (FFFP): The Baylor GEMS pilot study. Ethn Dis 2003; 13: S1-30.
Bayne-Smith M, Fardy PS, Azzollini A, Magel J, Schmitz KH, Agin D. Improvements in heart health behaviors and reduction in coronary artery disease risk factors in urban teenaged girls through a school-based intervention: the PATH program. Am J Public Health 2004; 94: 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.9.1538
James J, Thomas P, Cavan D, Kerr D. Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004; 328: 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38077.458438.EE
Kain J, Uauy R, Albala FV, Cerda R, Leyton B. School-based obesity prevention in Chilean primary school children: methodology and evaluation of a controlled study. Int J Obes 2004; 28: 483-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802611
Pangrazi RP, Beighle A, Vehige T, Vack C. Impact of Promoting Lifestyle Activity for Youth (PLAY) on children's physical activity. J Sch Health 2009; 73: 317-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2003.tb06589.x
Tamir D, Feurstein A, Brunner S, Halfon ST, Reshef A, Palti H. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in childhood: changes in serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, and body mass index after 2 years of intervention in Jerusalem schoolchildren age 7–9 years. Prev Med 1990; 19: 22-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(90)90003-3
Amaro S, Viggiano A, DiCostanzo A, et al. A new educational board-game, gives nutritional rudiments and encourages healthy eating in children: a pilot cluster randomized trial. EJPD 2006; 165: 630-5.
Alexandrov AA, Maslennikova GY, Kulikov SM, Propirnu GA, Perova NV. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: 3-year intervention results in boys of 12 years of age. Prev Med 1992; 21: 53-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(92)90005-3
Beech BM, Klesges RC, Kumanyika SK, et al. Child-and parent-targeted interventions: the Memphis GEMS pilot study. Ethn Dis 2003; 13: S1-40.
Bonhauser M, Fernandez G, Püschel K, et al. Improving physical fitness and emotional well-being in adolescents of low socioeconomic status in Chile: results of a school-based controlled trial. Health Promot Int 2005; 20: 113-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dah603
Burke V, Milligan RA, Thompson C, et al. A controlled trial of health promotion programs in 11-year-olds using physical activity" enrichment" for higher risk children. J Pediatr 1998; 132: 840-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70315-4
Burke V, Thompson C, Taggart AC, et al. Differences in response to nutrition and fitness education programmes in relation to baseline levels of cardiovascular risk in 10 to 12-year-old children. J Hum Hypertens 1996; 10: S99-106.
Bush PJ, Zuckerman AE, Theiss PK, et al. Cardiovascular risk factor prevention in black schoolchildren: two-year results of the “Know Your Body” program. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129: 466-82.
Caballero B, Clay T, Davis SM, et al. Pathways: a school-based, randomized controlled trial for the prevention of obesity in American Indian schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 1030-8.
Carrel AL, Clark RR, Peterson SE, Nemeth BA, Sullivan J, Allen DB. Improvement of fitness, body composition, and insulin sensitivity in overweight children in a school-based exercise program: a randomized, controlled study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005; 159: 963-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.10.963
Chavarro JE, Peterson KE, Sobol AM, Wiecha JL, Gortmaker SL. Effects of a school-based obesity-prevention intervention on menarche (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16: 1245-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-005-0404-5
Chen MY, Huang LH, Wang EK, et al. The effectiveness of health promotion counseling for overweight adolescent nursing students in Taiwan. Public Health Nurs 2001; 18: 350-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1446.2001.00350.x
Christodoulos AD, Douda HT, Polykratis M, Tokmakidis SP. Attitudes towards exercise and physical activity behaviours in Greek schoolchildren after a year long health education intervention. Br J Sports Med 2006; 40: 367-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.024521
Coleman KJ, Tiller CL, Sanchez J, Heath EM, Sy O, Milliken G, Dzewaltowski DA. Prevention of the epidemic increase in child risk of overweight in low-income schools: the El Paso coordinated approach to child health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005; 159: 217-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.3.217
Connor MK, Smith LG, Fryer A, Erickson S, Fryer S, Drake J. Future Fit: A cardiovascular health education and fitness project in an after‐school setting. J Sch Health 1986; 56: 329-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1986.tb05764.x
Dämon S, Dietrich S, Widhalm K. PRESTO—Prevention Study of Obesity: A project to prevent obesity during childhood and adolescence. Acta Paediatr 2005; 94: 47-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08035320510035546
Danielzik S, Pust S, Muller M. School based interventions to prevent overweight and obesity in pre-pubertal children: process and 4 years outcome evaluation of the Keil Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS). Acta Paediatr 2007; 96: 19-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00165.x
Davis S, Gomez Y, Lambert L, Skipper B. Primary prevention of obesity in American Indian Children. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 699: 167-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18848.x
Dennison BA, Russo TJ, Burdick PA, Jenkins PL. An intervention to reduce television viewing by preschool children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158: 170-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.2.170
Donnelly JE, Jacobsen DJ, Whatley JE, et al. Nutrition and physical activity program to attenuate obesity and promote physical and metabolic fitness in elementary school children. Obes Res 1996; 4: 229-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1996.tb00541.x
Duncan B, Boyce WT, Itami R, Puffenbarger N. A controlled trial of a physical fitness program for fifth grade students. J Sch Health 1983; 53: 467-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1983.tb03168.x
Dwyer T, Coonan WE, Leitch DR, Hetzel BS, Baghurst RA. An investigation of the effects of daily physical activity on the health of primary school students in South Australia. Int J Epidemiol 1983; 12: 308-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/12.3.308
Economos CD, Hyatt RR, Goldberg JP, et al. A community intervention reduces BMI z‐score in children: Shape Up Somerville first year results. Obesity 2007; 15: 1325-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.155
Edwards B. Childhood obesity: a school-based approach to increase nutritional knowledge and activity levels. Nurs Clin North Am 2005; 40: 661-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2005.07.006
Eliakim A, Nemet D, Balakirski Y, Epstein Y. The effects of nutritional-physical activity school-based intervention on fatness and fitness in preschool children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2007; 20: 711-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/JPEM.2007.20.6.711
Epstein LH, Gordy CC, Raynor HA, Beddome M, Kilanowski, CK, Paluch R. Increasing fruit and vegetable intake and decreasing fat and sugar intake in families at risk for childhood obesity. Obes Res 2001; 9: 171-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2001.18
Flores R. Dance for health: improving fitness in African American and Hispanic adolescents. Public Health Reports 1995; 110: 189-93.
Foster GD, Sherman S, Borradaile KE, et al. A policy-based school intervention to prevent overweight and obesity. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e794-802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1365
Gans KM, Levin S, Lasater TM, et al. Heart healthy cook-offs in home economics classes: an evaluation with junior high school students. J Sch Health 1990; 60: 99-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1990.tb05409.x
Goran MI, Reynolds K. Interactive multimedia for promoting physical activity (IMPACT) in children. Obes Res 2005; 13: 762-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.86
Gortmaker SL, Cheung LW, Peterson KE, et al. Impact of a school-based interdisciplinary intervention on diet and physical activity among urban primary school children: eat well and keep moving. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999; 153: 975-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.153.9.975
Gortmaker SL, Peterson K, Wiecha J, et al. Reducing obesity via a school-based interdisciplinary intervention among youth: Planet Health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999; 153: 409-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.153.4.409
Graf C, Rost SV, Koch B, et al. Data from the StEP TWO programme showing the effect on blood pressure and different parameters for obesity in overweight and obese primary school children. Cardiol Young 2005; 15: 291-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1047951105000594
Grey M, Berry D, Davidson M, Galasso P, Gustafson E, Melkus G. Preliminary testing of a program to prevent type 2 diabetes among high-risk youth. J Sch Health 2004; 74: 10-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2004.tb06595.x
Haerens L, Deforche B, Maes L, Stevens V, Cardon G, Bourdeaudhuij I. Body mass effects of a physical activity and healthy food intervention in middle schools. Obesity 2006; 14: 847-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.98
Harrell JS, Gansky SA, McMurray RG, Bangdiwala SI, Frauman AC, Bradley CB. School-based interventions improve heart health in children with multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors. Pediatrics 1998; 102: 371-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.2.371
Harrell JS, McMurray RG, Bangdiwala SI, Frauman AC, Gansky SA, Bradley CB. Effects of a school- based intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in elementary-school children: the Cardiovascular Health in Children (CHIC) study. J Pediatr 1996; 128; 797-805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70332-3
Harrell TK, Davy BM, Stewart JL, King DS. Effectiveness of a school-based intervention to increase health knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors among rural Mississippi middle school children. South Med J 2005; 98: 1173-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.smj.0000182499.59715.07
Hopper CA, Gruber MB, Munoz KD, Herb RA. Effect of including parents in a school-based exercise and nutrition program for children. Res Q Exerc Sport 1992; 63: 315-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1992.10608748
Huang SH, Weng KP, Hsieh KS, et al. Effects of a classroom-based weight-control intervention on cardiovascular disease in elementary-school obese children. Acta Paediatr Taiwan 2007; 48: 201-6.
Harvey-Berino J, Rourke J. Obesity prevention in preschool Native‐American children: A pilot study using home visiting. Obes Res 2003; 11: 606-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.87
Hawley SR, Beckman H, Bishop T. Development of an obesity prevention and management program for children and adolescents in a rural setting. J Community Health Nurs 2006; 23: 69-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327655jchn2302_1
James J, Thomas P, Kerr D. Preventing childhood obesity: two year follow-up results from the Christchurch obesity prevention programme in schools (CHOPPS). BMJ 2007; 335: 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39342.571806.55
Jamner MS, Spruijt-Metz D, Bassin S, Cooper DM. A controlled evaluation of a school-based intervention to promote physical activity among sedentary adolescent females: project FAB. J Adolesc Health 2004; 34: 279-89.
Jiang J, Xia X, Greiner T, Wu G, Lian G, Rosenqvist U. The effects of a 3‐year obesity intervention in schoolchildren in Beijing. Child Care Health Dev 2007; 33: 641-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00738.x
Kafatos A, Manios Y, Moschandreas J. Health and nutrition education in primary schools of Crete: follow-up changes in body mass index and overweight status. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59: 1090-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602216
Killen JD, Telch MJ, Robinson TN, Maccoby N, Taylor CB, Farquhar JW. Cardiovascular disease risk reduction for tenth graders. JAMA 1988; 260: 1728-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410120074030
Kipping RR, Payne C, Lawlor DA. Randomised controlled trial adapting US school obesity prevention to England. Archiv Dis Childhood 2008; 93: 469-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2007.116970
Lazaar N, Aucouturier J, Ratel S, Rance M, Meyer M, Duché P. Effect of physical activity intervention on body composition in young children: influence of body mass index status and gender. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96: 1321-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00426.x
Lionis C, Kafatos A, Vlachonikolis J, Vakaki M, Tzortzi M, Petraki A. The effects of a health education intervention program among Cretan adolescents. Prev Med 1991; 20: 685-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(91)90064-B
Liu A, Hu X, Ma G, et al. Evaluation of a classroom‐based physical activity promoting programme. Obes Rev 2008; 9: 130-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00454.x
Luepker RV, Perry CL, McKinlay SM, et al. Outcomes of a field trial to improve children's dietary patterns and physical activity: The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health. JAMA 1996; 275: 768-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03530340032026
Manios Y, Kafatos A, Mamalakis G. The effects of a health education intervention initiated at first grade over a 3 year period: physical activity and fitness indices. Health Educ Res 1998; 13: 593-606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/13.4.593
Manios Y, Moschandreas J, Hatzis C, Kafatos A. Evaluation of a health and nutrition education program in primary school children of Crete over a three-year period. Prev Med 1999; 28: 149-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1998.0388
Manios Y, Moschandreas J, Hatzis C, Kafatos A. Health and nutrition education in primary schools of Crete: changes in chronic disease risk factors following a 6-year intervention programme. Br J Nutr 2002; 88: 315-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002672
McKenzie TL, Stone EJ, Feldman HA, et al. Effects of the CATCH physical education intervention: teacher type and lesson location. Am J Prev Med 2001; 21: 101-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00335-X
Mcmurray RG, Harrell JS, Bangdiwala SI, Bradley CB, Deng S, Levine A. A school-based intervention can reduce body fat and blood pressure in young adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2002; 31: 125-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00348-8
Mo-suwan L, Junjana C, Puetpaiboon A. Increasing obesity in school children in a transitional society and the effect of the weight control program. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1993; 24: 590-4.
Mo-suwan L, Pongprapai S, Junjana C, Puetpaiboon A. Effects of a controlled trial of a school-based exercise program on the obesity indexes of preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 1006-11.
Müller MJ, Asbeck I, Mast M, Langnäse K, Grund A. Prevention of obesity--more than an intention. Concept and first results of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: S66-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801703
Nader PR, Stone EJ, Lytle LA, et al. Three-year maintenance of improved diet and physical activity: the CATCH cohort. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999; 153: 695-704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.153.7.695
Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Hannan PJ, Rex J. New Moves: a school-based obesity prevention program for adolescent girls. Prev Med 2003; 37: 41-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00057-4
Paradis G, Levesque L, Macaulay AC, et al. Impact of a diabetes prevention program on body size, physical activity, and diet among Kanien’keha:ka (Mohawk) children 6 to 11 years old: 8-year results from the Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project. Pediatrics 2005; 115: 333-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-0745
Perman JA, Young TL, Stines E, Hamon J, Turner LM, Rowe MG. A community-driven obesity prevention and intervention in an elementary school. J Ky Med Assoc 2008; 106: 104-8.
Resnicow K, Cross D, Lacosse J, Nichols P. Evaluation of a school-site cardiovascular risk factor screening intervention. Prev Med 1993; 22: 838-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1993.1076
Robinson TN. Reducing children’s television viewing to prevent obesity: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 282: 1561-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.16.1561
Robinson TN, Killen JD, Kraemer HC, et al. Dance and reducing television viewing to prevent weight gain in African-American girls: the Stanford GEMS pilot study. Ethn Dis 2003; 13: S65-77.
Sadowsky HS, Sawdon JM, Scheiner ME, Sticklin AM. Eight week moderate intensity exercise intervention elicits body composition change in adolescents. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J 1999; 10: 38-44.
Sahota P, Rudolf MC, Dixey R, Hill AJ, Barth JH, Cade J. Randomised controlled trial of primary school based intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity. BMJ 2001; 323: 1-5.
Sahota P, Rudolf MC, Dixey R, Hill AJ, Barth JH, Cade J. Evaluation of implementation and effect of primary school based intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity. BMJ 2001; 323: 1-4.
Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Alcaraz JE, Kolody B, Hovell MF, Nader PR. Project SPARK: Effects of physical education on adiposity in children. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 699: 127-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18844.x
Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Alcaraz JE, Kolody B, Faucette N, Hovell MF. The effects of a 2-year physical education program (SPARK) on physical activity and fitness in elementary school students. Sports, Play and Active Recreation for Kids. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 1328-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.87.8.1328
Salmon J, Ball K, Hume C, Booth M, Crawford D. Outcomes of a group-randomized trial to prevent excess weight gain, reduce screen behaviours and promote physical activity in 10-year-old children: Switch-Play. Int J Obes 2008; 32: 601-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803805
Simon C, Wagner A, Platat C, et al. ICAPS: a multilevel program to improve physical activity in adolescents. Diabetes Metab J 2006; 32: 41-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1262-3636(07)70245-8
Simonetti D'Arca A, Tarsitani G, Cairella M, et al. Prevention of obesity in elementary and nursery school children. Public Health 1986; 100: 166-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3506(86)80030-0
Singh AS, Paw MJMCA, Brug J, Van Mechelen W. Short-term effects of school-based weight gain prevention among adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007; 161: 565-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.161.6.565
Skybo TA, Ryan-Wenger N. A school-based intervention to teach third grade children about the prevention of heart disease. Pediatr Nursing 2002; 28:223-9.
Spiegel SA, Foulk D. Reducing Overweight through a Multidisciplinary School‐based Intervention. Obesity 2006; 14: 88-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.11
Stephens MB, Wentz SW. Supplemental fitness activities and fitness in urban elementary school classrooms. Family Med 1998; 30: 220-3.
Stewart KJ, Seemans CM, McFarland LD, Weinhofer JJ. Social learning versus traditional teaching in an elementary school cardiovascular health promotion program. AJHP 1997; 11: 194-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-11.3.194
Stock S, Miranda C, Evans S, et al. Healthy Buddies: a novel, peer-led health promotion program for the prevention of obesity and eating disorders in children in elementary school. Pediatr 2007; 120: e1059-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-3003
Stolley MR, Fitzgibbon ML. Effects of an obesity prevention program on the eating behavior of African American mothers and daughters. Health Edu Behav 1997; 24: 152-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819702400204
Story M, Sherwood NE, Himes JH, et al. An after-school obesity prevention program for African-American girls: the Minnesota GEMS pilot study. Ethn Dis 2003; 13: S54-64.
Taylor RW, McAuley KA, Barbezat W, Strong A, Williams SM, Mann JI. APPLE Project: 2-y findings of a community-based obesity prevention program in primary school–age children. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 735-42.
Vandongen R, Jenner DA, Thompson C, et al. A controlled evaluation of a fitness and nutrition intervention program on cardiovascular health in 10-year-old to 12-year-old children. Prev Med 1995; 24: 9-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1995.1003
Vizcaíno VM, Aguilar FS, Gutiérrez RF, et al. Assessment of an after-school physical activity program to prevent obesity among 9-to 10-year-old children: a cluster randomized trial. Int J Obes 2008; 32: 12-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803738
Walter HJ, Hofman A, Connelly PA, Barrett LT, Kost KL. Primary prevention of chronic disease in childhood: changes in risk factors after one year of intervention. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 122: 772-81.
Walter HJ, Hofman A, Connelly PA, Barrett LT, Kost KL. Coronary heart disease prevention in childhood: one-year results of a randomized intervention study. Am J Prev Med 1986; 2: 239-45.
Walter HJ, Hofman A, Vaughan RD, Wynder EL. Modification of risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1093-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198804283181704
Warren JM, Henry CJK, Lightowler HJ, Bradshaw SM, Perwaiz S. Evaluation of a pilot school programme aimed at the prevention of obesity in children. Health Promot Int 2003; 18: 287-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dag402
Webber LS, Osganian SK, Feldman HA, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors among children after a 2 1/2–year intervention – The CATCH Study. Prev Med 1996; 25: 432-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1996.0075
Williamson DA, Copeland AL, Anton SD, et al. Wise Mind Project: A school-based environmental approach for preventing weight gain in children. Obesity 2007; 15: 906-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.597
Wilson DK, Evans AE, Williams J, Mixon G, Sirard JR, Pate R. A preliminary test of a student-centered intervention on increasing physical activity in underserved adolescents. Ann Behav Med 2005; 30: 119-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm3002_4
Yin Z, Hanes J, Moore JB, Humbles P, Barbeau P, Gutin B. An after-school physical activity program for obesity prevention in children: The Medical College of Georgia FitKid Project. Eval Health Prof 2005; 28: 67-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163278704273079
Steckler AE, Linnan LE. Process evaluation for public health interventions and research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 2002.
Taggart V, Bush P, Zuckerman A, Theiss P. A process evaluation of the District of Columbia "Know Your Body" project. J Sch Health 1990; 60: 60-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1990.tb05907.x
Ottenbacher KJ, Ottenbacher HR, Tooth L, Ostir GV. A review of two journals found that articles using multivariable logistic regression frequently did not report commonly recommended assumptions. J Clin Epidemiol 2004; 57: 1147-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.05.003
Tetrault JM, Sauler M, Wells CK, Concato J. Reporting of multivariable methods in the medical literature. J Investig Med 2008; 56: 954-7.
McKenzie TL, Strikmiller PK, Stone EJ, et al. CATCH: Physical activity process evaluation in a multicenter trial. Health Educ Q 1994; S2: S72-89.
Edmundson EW, Luton SC, McGraw SA, et al. CATCH: classroom process evaluation in a multicenter trial. Health Educ Q 1994; S2: S27-50.
Johnson CC, Osganian SK, Budman SB, et al. CATCH: family process evaluation in a multicenter trial. Health Educ Q, 1994; S2: S91-106.
Raizman DJ, Montgomery DH, Osganian V, Edzery MK, Nicklas TA, Clesi AL. CATCH: food service program process evaluation in a multicenter trial. Health Educ Q 1994; S2: S51-71.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .
