Effect of Vaccination Status on SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels in Gowa Regency Community, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-6029.2023.12.11Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2 antibody, COVID-19, vaccination status, COVID-19 infection historyAbstract
Background: COVID-19 is a disease caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). One of the body's immune responses to infection is to produce antibodies. Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection initiates cellular and humoral immune responses. The humoral immune response specifically generates antibodies against virus-specific antigens. Several factors influence the immune response, one of which is vaccination status. Therefore, this study aimed to determine and analyze the effect of vaccination status on SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels.
Methods: An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design involving 815 samples was conducted. The proportional random sampling technique was employed based on data obtained from the Seroepidemiology Survey. Data analysis was conducted using the STATA version 14.0 program with the Independent T-Test, Mann Whitney test, Kruskal Wallis test, and Multiple logistic regression.
Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the determinant variables of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels based on gender (p=0.012), vaccination status (p=0.000), and COVID-19 infection history (p=0.000). Furthermore, the multivariate analysis indicated that vaccination status was the variable most associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels (p = 0.010). The OR value = 0.16 < 1 and 95%CI (0.04-0.65) which did not contain a value of 1 suggested vaccination status to be a significant protective factor associated with SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels, with a probability value of 94.1%.
Conclusion: The most influential variable on SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in the Gowa Regency was vaccination status. Moreover, none of the variables measured were identified as confounding factors or showed interaction effects.
References
WHO. WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. Geneva, Switzerland: Department of Communications, World Health Organization 2020.
Arsunan AA. COVID-19; Virus, Bisnis atau Konspirasi. Thahir T, Ed. Makassar: Jariah Publishing Intermedia 2020.
covid19.go.id. Situasi COVID-19 di Indonesia (Update per 19 Januari 2023). Covid19GoId. Published online 2023.
Dinas Kesehatan Kab. Gowa, 2023.
PDSPatKLIn. Panduan Tatalaksana Pemeriksaan Antibodi SARS-CoV-2. 2021.
Randolph HE, Barreiro LB. Herd Immunity: Understanding COVID-19. Vol. 52, Immunity. Cell Press 2020; pp. 737-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.012
Mahendradhata Y, Andayani NLPE, Hasri ET, Arifi MD, Siahaan RGM, Solikha DA, et al. The Capacity of the Indonesian Healthcare System to Respond to COVID-19. Front Public Health 2021; 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.649819 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.649819
Hamka Sugianto HSA, Amiruddin R, Arsunan Arsin A, Nasry Noor N. Analysis of Factors That Associated With Tools of Medical Record of Covid-19 Patients in Patient Careat Tora Belo Hospital in Sigi Regency 2022. Azerbaijan Medical Journal 2023; 63(01).
Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Factors that influence the immune response to vaccination. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. American Society for Microbiology 2019; Vol. 32. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00084-18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00084-18
Bayram A, Demirbakan H, Günel Karadeniz P, Erdoğan M, Koçer I. Quantitation of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein after two doses of CoronaVac in healthcare workers. J Med Virol 2021; 93(9): 5560-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27098
Parthymou A, Habeos EE, Habeos GI, Deligakis A, Livieratos E, Marangos M, et al. Factors associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titres 3 months post-vaccination with the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine: A longitudinal observational cohort study in western Greece. BMJ Open 2022; 12(5). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057084 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057084
Wiley B. ScienceDaily. 2011. Women have stronger immune systems than men -- and it’s all down to X-chromosome related microRNA." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 28 September 2011.
Tillett RL, Sevinsky JR, Hartley PD, Kerwin H, Crawford N, Gorzalski A, et al. Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21(1): 52-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30764-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30764-7
Lumley SF, O’Donnell D, Stoesser NE, Matthews PC, Howarth A, Hatch SB, et al. Antibody Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Health Care Workers. New England Journal of Medicine 2021; 384(6): 533-40. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034545 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034545
Karachaliou M, Moncunill G, Espinosa A, Castaño-Vinyals G, Rubio R, Vidal M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, and antibody response trajectories in adults: a cohort study in Catalonia. BMC Med 2022; 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02547-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02547-2
Fajrunni’mah R, Purwanti A, Khasanah F, Setiawan B. Status Kadar Antibodi Spike Receptor Binding Domain setelah Vaksinasi Kedua menggunakan Vaksin Inaktivasi. Health Information : Jurnal Penelitian [Internet] 2022; 14(2): 142-52. https://doi.org/10.36990/hijp.v14i2.636 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36990/hijp.v14i2.636
Farid E, Herrera-Uribe J, Stevenson NJ. The Effect of Age, Gender and Comorbidities Upon SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibody Induction After Two Doses of Sinopharm Vaccine and the Effect of a Pfizer/BioNtech Booster Vaccine. Front Immunol 2022; 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.817597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.817597
Rotty I, Kristanto EG, Sekeon S, Ekawardani N, Liwe HR. Formation of SARS-CoV-2 Specific Antibody after vaccination. e-CliniC 2022; 10(1): 16. https://doi.org/10.35790/ecl.v10i1.37193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35790/ecl.v10i1.37193
Jabal KA, Ben-Amram H, Beiruti K, Batheesh Y, Sussan C, Zarka S, et al. Impact of age, ethnicity, sex and prior infection status on immunogenicity following a single dose of the BNT162b2 MRNA COVID-19 vaccine: Real-world evidence from healthcare workers, Israel, December 2020 to January 2021. Eurosurveillance 2021; 26(6). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.6.2100096 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.6.2100096
Post N, Eddy D, Huntley C, van Schalkwyk MCI, Shrotri M, Leeman D, et al. Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244126
Ali H, Alahmad B, Al-Shammari AA, Alterki A, Hammad M, Cherian P, et al. Previous COVID-19 Infection and Antibody Levels After Vaccination. Front Public Health 2021; 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.778243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.778243
Vicenti I, Gatti F, Scaggiante R, Boccuto A, Zago D, Basso M, et al. Single-dose BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine significantly boosts neutralizing antibody response in health care workers recovering from asymptomatic or mild natural SARS-CoV-2 infection. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021; 108: 176-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.033
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .