Quantified Observations of Sensory Processing (QOSP): Resource Tool for Screening Sensory Processing Difficulties in Preschoolers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2014.02.01.1Keywords:
Rehabilitation personnel, Sensory Processing Measure, Sensory systems, Play, Behavior disordersAbstract
Sensory Processing (SP) difficulties in children are seen to be increasing in today’s world. Quite a few typically developing children are reported to have difficulties in coping with school, home and play environments. Their difficulties are mostly labeled abnormal behaviors and with superficial assessments these children often receive traditional treatments that marginally decrease their problems without giving long term functional gains. Hence their SP dysfunctions make them adopt pathological behaviors as they grow, making them incompetent as compared to their peers.
One of the factors behind these children getting unnoticed at an early age is lack of awareness about SP difficulties among the parents, teachers and medical fraternity in India. The other important factors include unavailability of contributory study in this area done on the Indian population and the use of non-normated, generalized evaluation tools done for evaluation of these difficulties. Further less information on what is age related typical SP makes it trickier to differentiate between a typical behavior and SP difficulty. The present study is the first study that would make an effort to understand the age related SP in Indian preschoolers aged 3-7 years.
The QOSP includes observations based on literature and theoretical constructs of SP which are graded and made quantitative for ease of administration and interpretation. This study intends to establish the age appropriate expected response and estimate the children posing risk to develop SP dysfunctions. The study further attempts to understand correlations between the different parameters of QOSP and tries to identify those parameters that can be considered red flags for SP difficulties.
The results of the study suggest about 3% of children in the typically developing group to be at the risk of having SP difficulties. About 20% are estimated to be having difficulties in at least one of the SP areas when compared with behaviors rated on Sensory Processing Measure. Apart from typically developing children the tool was also used in co-morbid conditions and was found to be useful in understanding the underlying Sensory Processing difficulties. Thus the QOSP can be considered a good measure not only in screening children with suspected sensory processing difficulties but also to gear the intervention program to be streamlined and goal oriented.
References
Ayres AJ. Deficits in sensory integration in educationally handicapped children. J Learn Disabil 1969; 2: 160-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002221946900200307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002221946900200307
Lane S. Structure and Function of the Sensory Systems. In: Bundy A, Lane S, Murray E. Sensory integration Theory and Practice. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia. F A Davis and Company 2002; p. 35-67.
Roley S, Blanche E, Schaaf R. Understanding the nature of Sensory Integration with Diverse Populations. Pro-ed Publishers. 2001.
Luna R, Hernández A, Brody CD, Romo R. Neural codes for perceptual discrimination in primary sensory cortex. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8: 1210-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1513
Kringelbach M. The human orbitofrontal cortex: linking reward to hedonic experience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6: 691-702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1747
Shriber L. (Retrieved 2013) Sensory Integration. In: JH Stone, M Blouin, editors. International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation. URL: http://cirrie.buffalo.edu/encyclopedia/ en/article/361/
Lane S, Reynolds S, Thacker L. Sensory over-responsivity and ADHD: differentiating using electrodermal responses, cortisol, and anxiety. Front Integr Neurosci 2010; 4: 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2010.00008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2010.00008
Benson J, Meghan N, Stern P. How does a child with Sensory Processing problems play? Internet J Allied Health Sci Pract 2006; 4: 1-7.
Owen J, Marco E, Desai S, et al. Abnormal white matter microstructure in children with sensory processing disorders. Neuroimage Clin 2013; 2: 844-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2013.06.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2013.06.009
Ahn RR, Miller LJ, Milberger S, McIntosh DN. Prevalence of parents’ perceptions of sensory processing disorders among kindergarten children. Am J Occup Ther 2004; 58: 287-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.58.3.287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.58.3.287
Ben-Sasson A, Carter AS, Briggs-Gowan MJ. Sensory over-responsivity in elementary school: prevalence and social-emotional correlates. J Abnor Child Psychol 2009; 37: 705-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9295-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9295-8
Miller -Kuhaneck H, Henry D, Glennon TJ, Mu K. Development of the sensory processing measure – school form: initial studies of reliability and validity. Am J Occup Ther 2007; 61: 170-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.61.2.170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.61.2.170
Dobbins M, Sunder T, Soltys S. Non-verbal learning disabilities and sensory processing disorders. Psychiatric Times 2007; 24.
Schoen S, Miller L, Brett- Green B, Neilsen D. Physiological and behavioral differences in sensory processing: a comparison of children with autism spectrum disorder and sensory modulation disorder. Front Integr Neurosci 2009; 3: 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.07.029.2009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.07.029.2009
Blanche, E, Reinoso G. The use of clinical observations to evaluate proprioceptive and vestibular functions. OT Practice 2008; 13: CE1- 6.
Bagchi D, Khanna R, Raju S. Prevalence of soft neurological signs: a study among indian school boys. Indian J Psychiatry 1996; 38: 196-200.
Patankar VC, Sangle JP, Shah HR, Dave M, Kamath RM. Neurological soft signs in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Indian J Psychiatry 2012; 54: 159-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.99540 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.99540
Bengoetxea H, Ortuzar N, Bulnes S, Rico-Barrio I, Lafuente JV, Argandoña EG. Enriched and deprived sensory experience induces structural changes and rewires connectivity during the postnatal development of the brain. Neural Plast 2012; 2012: 305693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/305693 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/305693
Schanberg S, Field T. Sensory deprivation stress and supplemental stimulation in the rat pup and preterm human neonate. Child Dev 1987; 58: 1431-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130683 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1987.tb03856.x
Provence S, Lipton RC. Infants in institutions: A comparison of their development with family-reared infants during the first year of life. New York: International Universities Press. 1962.
Ptito M, Kupers R, Lomber S, Pietrini P. Sensory deprivation and brain plasticity. Neural Plast 2012; 2012: 810370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/810370 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/810370
Benson J, Meghan N, Stern P. How does a child with sensory processing problems play? Internet J Allied Health Sci Pract 2006; 4: 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/1540-580X/2006.1121
Bundy A, Shia S, Qi L, Miller LJ. How does sensory processing dysfunction affect play? Am J Occup Ther 2007; 61: 201-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.61.2.201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.61.2.201
Bailey CM. Learning through play and fantasy, EC 1297E, Corvallis, OR Oregon State University 2006.
Griesemer D. The Neurologic Examination. In: Maria B. Current Management in Child Neurology 3rd Edition B C Decker Inc London 2005.
Denckla MB. Development of speed in repetitive and successive finger movements in normal children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1973; 15: 635-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1973.tb05174.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1973.tb05174.x
Gasser T, Rousson V, Caflisch J, Jenni O G. Development of motor speed and associated movements from 5 to 18 years. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010; 52: 256-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03391.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03391.x
Larson JC, Mostofsky SH, Goldberg MC, Cutting LE, Denckla MB, Mahone EM. Effects of gender and age on motor exam in typically developing children. Devel Neuropsychol 2007; 32: 543-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87565640701361013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/87565640701361013
Uslu R, Kapci EG, Oztop D. Neurological soft signs in comorbid learning and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Turk J Pediatr 2007; 49: 263-9.
Balslev D, Newman W, Knox PC. Extraocular muscle afferent signals modulate visual attention. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53: 7004-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-10249 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-10249
Fischer AG, Wietlisbach SE, Wilbarger JL. Adult performance on three tests of equilibrium. Am J Occup Ther 1988; 42: 30-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.42.1.30 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.42.1.30
Lin CK, Wu HM, Lin CH, et al. A small sample test of the factor structure of postural movement and bilateral motor integration using structural equation modeling. Percept Mot Skills 2012; 115: 544-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/25.03.10.PMS.115.5.544-557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/25.03.10.PMS.115.5.544-557
Gibson JJ. Observation on active touch. Psychol Rev 1962; 69: 477-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0046962 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046962
Lindquist JE, Mack W, Parham D. A synthesis of occupational behavior and sensory integration concepts in theory and practice, part 2: clinical applications. Am J Occup Ther 1982; 36: 433-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.36.7.433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.36.7.433
Reeves GD. Disorders of Praxis. In: Bundy A, Lane S, Murray E. Sensory integration Theory and Practice. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia. F A Davis and Company.2002. pg 71-95.
Gubbay SS. The clumsy child. In F. C. Rose (Ed.), Pediatric Neurology. London: Blackwell 1979.
Henderson SE, Hall D. Concomitants of clumsiness in young school children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1982; 24: 448-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1982.tb13649.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1982.tb13649.x
Durocher Richard. Retrieved. Vision & Learning- Optometric Physicians of Middle Tennesse. URL: http://www.rdeyes.com/vision-learning/. 2012
Butler J, Campos JL, Bülthoff HH, Smith ST. The role of stereo vision in visual-vestibular integration. Seeing Perceiving 2011; 24: 453-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847511X588070 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187847511X588070
Hanes D. Mathematical requirements of visual-vestibular integration. J Math Biol 2012; 65: 1245-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00285-011-0494-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-011-0494-5
Milner AD, Goodale MA. Visual pathways to perception and action. In T. P. Hicks, S. Molotchnikoff & T. One (Eds.). The visually responsive neuron: From basic neurophysiology to behavior (pp.317- 337). New York. Elsevier Science. 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(08)60379-9
Mountcastle VB. The parietal system and some higher brain functions. Cereb Cortex 1995; 5: 377-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/5.5.377 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/5.5.377
Bertenthal BI, Clifton RK. Perception and action. In W. Damon (Ed. In Chief), D. Kuhn & R Seigler (Vol. Eds.) Handbook of Child psychology. 5th Edition Vol.2. Cognition, Perception and Language. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1998.
Lee DN, Aronson E. Visual proprioceptive control of standing in human infants. Percept Psychophys 1974; 15: 529-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03199297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03199297
Kellman P, Banks M. Infant visual perception. In W. Damon (Ed. In Chief), D. Kuhn & R Seigler (Vol. Eds.) Handbook of Child psychology. 5th Edition Vol.2. Cognition, Perception and Language. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1998.
Grasbeck R, Saris NE. Establishment and use of normal values. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical Laboratory Investigation. 1969; 110:62–3.
Solberg HE. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC), Scientific Committee, Clinical Section, Expert Panel on Theory of Reference Values, and International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH), Standing Committee on Reference Values. Approved Recommendation (1986) on the theory of reference values. Part 1. The concept of reference values. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1987; 25: 337-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(87)90224-5
Bangert, Marshall W MA in FIBiol; Marshall, William Leonard. Clinical biochemistry: metabolic and clinical aspects. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2008
Bowman OJ, Wallace B. The in effects of socioeconomic status on hand size and strength, vestibular function, visuomotor integration, and praxis preschool children. Am J Occup Ther1990; 44: 610-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.44.7.610 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.44.7.610
Kinnealey M, Miller LJ. Sensory Integration/ Learning Disabilities. In: Eds H.L. Hopkins & H. D. Smith, Willard and Spackman’s Occupational Therapy. Philadelphia. J. B. Lippincott & Co. 8th Edition. 1993. Pg 474-89.
Huecker GE, Kinnealey M. Prevalence of sensory integrative disorders in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a descriptive study. 1998; 2: 265-92.
Mangeot SD, Miller LJ, McIntosh DN, et al. Sensory modulation dysfunction in children with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001; 43: 399-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0012162201000743 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00228.x
Koizol L, Budding D, Chidekel D. Sensory integration, sensory processing, and sensory modulation disorders: putative functional neuroanatomic underpinnings. Cerebellum 2011; 10: 770-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12311-011-0288-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-011-0288-8
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
