ijcs
Abstract : When Do Legal Sanctions Produce Conformity? A Review of the Literature on the Interaction of Perceived Legal Risk with Stakes in Conformity
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Abstract: This paper reviews ten published articles on deterrence that address the interaction of stakes in conformity with the perception of legal risk. These articles are classified by types of stakes in conformity examined, such as marriage, education, and employment, and more general types of stakes in conformity, such as social identity. Analysis of evidence suggests that some individuals with low stakes in conformity may be less deterrable by legal sanctions and for those with high stakes in conformity, legal sanctions, such as imprisonment, may increase recidivism. The results, however, continue to show an incongruence between whether and which stakes in conformity act as a consistent deterrent. Keywords: Interaction, Deterrence, Stakes in conformity, Police Domestic Violence, Recidivism, Legal Sanctions.Download Full Article |
Abstract : Gender Differences in Occupational Aspirations and Substance Use Among Adolescents
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Abstract: Previous research has demonstrated that rates of substance use during the adolescent years are associated with school performance and teenage employment. Comparatively few studies have examined the linkages between adolescents’ occupational aspirations and their rates of alcohol and drug use. Using data from a nationally representative sample of high school seniors, this study examines how adolescents’ occupational aspirations may affect their patterns of substance use. Utilizing a framework of social control theory and precocious development theory, the analyses reveal that a strong association exists between the occupational aspirations and substance use rates of adolescents. Teenagers with higher aspirations report relatively lower rates of substance use. On the other hand, adolescents who aspire for occupations which involve manual labor report higher rates of substance use. Impediments to reaching desired occupations were also shown to be important, as teens who perceived that they may not reach their aspired occupation (due to financial problems, inadequate education, discrimination, etc.) were shown to be more likely to drink alcohol and use drugs. Substantial differences in these effects were shown to exist across both sex and race/ethnicity categories. Overall, the results suggest that the effects of occupational aspirations on adolescent substance use are quite intricate. Keywords: Adolescence, aspirations, drugs, occupations, substances, work.Download Full Article |
Abstract : Organized Crime in Brazilian Prisons: The Example of the PCC
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Abstract: This paper analyses the context of the mass incarceration experienced by Brazil in the last two decades. Alongside other factors, such as the deterioration of the living conditions of the inmates and the shortcomings in the prison management, this favored the emergence and operation of the self-named group Primeiro Comando da Capital(PCC) (First Command of the Capital), within the prison system of the state of São Paulo. It outlines the stages that resulted in the expansion of the PCC, from its creation to the consolidation of its rule over the incarcerated population and analyzes the form acquired by the use of violence by part of this group. Besides the use of official documents, the ethnographic method and interviews with staff and inmates were used. Among the major findings of the research, there is the constitution of the PCC as a centralized instance of mediation and conflict resolution within the prison, a phenomenon that produced a significant reduction in physical violence among prisoners. Keywords: Prison, incarceration, criminal groups, organized crime, violence, Brazil, state of São Paulo.Download Full Article |
Abstract : Democracy in Progress in Contemporary Brazil: Corruption, Organized Crime, Violence and New Paths to the Rule of Law
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Abstract: Although the transition to democracy began in the middle of 1980's, Brazilian society has not yet experienced a peaceful social life. New forms of violence have emerged in in the last two decades including the increase of violent crimes, gross human rights violations, organized crime and conflicts within social and subjective relationships. The paper discusses the policies of the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administrations (1995-2002) regarding human rights and public security. It examines the social and political constraints in which government initiatives are based and the successes as well as the failures on the efficiency of these public policies. Keywords: Crime, human rights, public security, public policies, Brazilian government.Download Full Article |
