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Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder, characterized by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin and insulin resistance. Many studies have reported an association between diabetes and alterations in the metabolism of several micronutrients. In Ethiopia the study in the relationship between micronutrients (Zn, Cu and Cr) status and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is scanty. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the concentration of the fasting serum zinc, copper and chromium status in T2DM and control subjects. Method: A cross-sectional comparative study, conducted on 108 human subjects divided in to two groups: 54 subjects with the diagnosis of T2DM and the other 54 subjects were grouped as the control. After demographic and anthropometric information gathered, the blood sample was collected for the biochemical analysis. Fasting serum glucose was measured by glucose oxidase methods. The serum concentration of micronutrients namely zinc, copper and chromium were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software. Results: Compared with control groups, T2DM patients had greater BMI (p<0.001); higher WHR (p<0.001); elevated SBP (p<0.001); and higher diastolic DBP (p<0.001). Fasting serum glucose level of T2DM (196.4 ± 86.77mg/dl) was significantly higher than control (90 ± 14.39mg/dl). Mean serum levels of zinc in T2DM (0.744 ± 0.211mg/l) was significantly (p<0.003) lower than control (1.099 ± 0.502mg/l), chromium (0.679 ± 0.413 mg/l) was also significantly (p<0.0001) lower than control (1.064±0.483mg/l) and Cu (0.502±0.148mg/l) had significantly (p<0.0001) higher than control (0.340±0.137mg/l). In this study, the fasting serum glucose were found negatively correlated with serum levels of Zn (r= -0.290, p=0.033), and Cr (r=-0.012, p<0.0001) of diabetic subjects. Non-significant positive relationship was observed between concentrations of serum glucose and Cu(r = 0.438, p =0.113). Conclusion: Findings of this study indicated a lower serum zinc and chromium concentrations and higher copper status were found in type 2 diabetics of Ethiopian subjects. The study suggests that another research should be conducted in the effect of the supplementation of micronutrients on controlling of type 2 diabetic mellitus. Keywords: Type 2 diabetic, zinc, copper, chromium, atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Download Full Article |
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Abstract: The study was undertaken to assess the sea food product having attractive environmental effects as they are important source of nutrients in human diets. A part from delicacy crustacean is of high value and appreciated food items, representing an important economic source in the last decade. The chemical composition and nutritional value of crustacean heavily investigated worldwide and composition benefit to human health have been much promoted. The lack of macronutrients in human leads to improper enzyme mediated metabolic functions and results in organo-malfunctions, chronic diseases and ultimately death. The aim of this study is to quantify the essential elements like Copper, Zinc, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium in different body parts of male and female lobster species. For this purpose lobster species were collected in year 2011 to 2013 from the different fish harbor of Karachi city. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) technique was used to analyze the Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg while Flame photometer was used to quantify the Na and K. The results were compared on the basis of WHO/ FAO values. The concentrations of selected essential metals were within the normal range in all the analyzed samples. Pearson correlation were applied to find out the inter metal relationship in different parts of lobster at significant level p < 0.01 or p < 0.05 and were found maximum relationship between the metals Cu:Zn, Zn:Na, Zn:K, Na:K, Na:Ca, Na:Mg, K:Mg and Ca:Mg in whole three years studied indicate that the strong correlation between the macronutrients and increasingly adverse impact of industrialization and urbanization on the commercially important lobsters community day by day. Keywords: Lobster, Essential Elements, Karachi Coastal Areas, AAS and Flame Photometer. Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Aims: This study was aimed to standardize the polyherbal extract containing Annona squamosa, Phyllanthus emblica, Berberis aristata and Curcuma longa for the management of type-2 diabetes. The standardization of polyherbal formulation is indispensable in order to achieve the quality, purity, safety and efficacy of drugs. Study Design: Physico-chemical investigations, Physical characteristics, Qualitative phytochemical analyses, fluorescence analysis and HPLC analysis. Materials and Methods: The Standardization of polyherbal extract was based on systematic organoleptic evaluation, physico-chemical investigation, physical characteristics, heavy metal analysis, fluorescence analysis, phytochemical screening, total alkaloid content,determination of viscosity, surface tension, density and HPLC analysis were carried out by official method. Results: Organoleptic evaluation resulted that it was yellowish green in colour with characteristic odour, bitter, pungent taste and fine texture. All the applied Physico-chemical parameters like total ash, acid insoluble, water soluble ash, extractive values, observed pH, moisture content, crude fibre, foaming index were found to be within limit. The limits obtained from physical and other parameters could be used as reference in quality control. The phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, volatile oils, tannins, saponins, phytosterols and mucilage. Absence of detectable levels of heavy metal confirmed that extract was non-toxic in nature. HPLC studies confirm the presence of marker compounds in each extract. Conclusion: On the basis of observations and experimental results, the study can be used as reference standard for the further quality control research as it significantly ensures the use of genuine and uniform material and well-designed methodologies for standardization and development of poly herbal extract. Keywords: Standardization, HPLC, Annona squamosa, Berberis aristata, Curcuma longa, Phyllanthus emblica. Download Full Article |
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Abstract: The purpose of this research was to relate mean organoleptic scores of organically and conventionally grown rice (n = 5) in japonica cultivars (Taikeng No. 16 and Kaohsiung No. 139). The 0-7 organoleptic scale is used in trials to measure the agronomic practices impact on sensory attributes of rice cultivars. However, the precise relationship between farming system and organoleptic analysis of rice remains independent variables. Judges (n = 10) used a common 0-7 scale to report the 6 sensory attributes viz. appearance, aroma, flavor, cohesion, hardness and overall acceptability while keeping cultivar Taikeng No. 9 as control. The scale ranges from – 3 to + 3 as very poor to excellent. The study demonstrates sensory attributes as inherited trait of rice; while no improvement found in cooking and eating quality under seasonal or agronomic variations. Interestingly, the aroma was reported as only better parameter when grown under organic farming compared to conventional farming (– 0.49 and – 0.62 over control, respectively). Also, the positive co-relationship exists between amylose content and organoleptic analysis while antagonistic link to crude protein content. The study cleared that management method, per se, did not influence any flavory attributes and detected no changes by the sensory panel. Further descriptive analysis needed with different conditions such as variety, degree of milling, growing location and moisture content which also played significant role in determining flavor and eating quality of rice cultivars. Keywords: Organic farming, sensory evaluation, cooked rice, eating quality. Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Oxidative stress is associated with pathophysiological progress of many diseases. The objective of study was to investigate whether increased environmental oxidative stress stimulation can promote excessive eating behavior, a common cause of obesity, and to identify the molecular mechanism.The cGMP-dependent kinase (PKG) activator 8-pCPT-cGMP was applied in worm swimming assay to study behavior shifting between quiescence and foraging in C. elegans. Genetically modified C. elegans (egl-4 loss or gain of function, and daf-16 mutant) were treated with paraquat, an oxidative stress inducer. Worm’s foraging behavior, body fat accumulation and body length were determined. The foxo1::gfp-transfectedHEK293 cells and C. elegans (daf-16::gfpTJ356) were further used to examine the effect of paraquat on PKG expression and FOXO nuclear translocation.A novel swimming assay using PKG activator stimulation was developed, which allows the rapid and effective study of foraging behavior in C. elegans. Paraquat treatment significantly inhibited quiescence, promoted foraging behavior, increased body fat accumulation and body growth. These responses were associated with diminished PKG expression/activation and increased FOXO (DAF-16) nuclear translocation in both transfected C. elegans and HEK293 cells.Our data suggest that PKG/FOXO signaling may plays an important role in mediating oxidative stress-induced excessive eating behavior and obesity development. Keywords: Oxidative stress, Eating behavior, Obesity, EGL4/cGMP-dependent protein kinases, DAF-16/FOXO, C. elegans, HEK293 cells. Download Full Article |