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Abstract: ackground:Attention to the interaction between individual agency and the structural causes and solutions to repeated incarceration is important to create sustainable change. In order to create this change, we will need to work in new ways to investigate the issues and to collaboratively identify and implement solutions. Purpose:Arts-and community-based research methods were used to explore the experiences and personal knowledge of women in remand custody. Results:The findings substantiate current knowledge of the underlying causes of women’s incarceration, including both structural issues (e.g., poverty, inaccessible education and employment, housing instability) and personal issues (e.g., addictions, history of family violence). Although the women acknowledged individual responsibility, attention to the structural causes and solutions to the cycling in and out of incarceration is fundamentally important, underpinning all of the women’s recommendations. Conclusion:The challenge of reducing the cycle of repeated incarceration for women will require a concerted collaborative effort using creative endeavors that bring the knowledge and experience of the women together with key players who can influence change at both the individual and the systemic levels. Keywords: Women, remand custody, community-based research, arts-based research, structural social work theory.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Immigration detention is cementing into a permanent aspect of border and immigration control in the United Kingdom. This article uses a historical examination of internment to contribute to a larger literature that unsettles the official record of detention policy as a natural development in an otherwise functioning immigration and border control bureaucracy. In so doing, I present an original overview of the First World War, Second World War, and Gulf War internments. My research findings demonstrate that wartime powers legislated in times of national distress have been repackaged as seemingly quotidian tools of immigration and asylum control. The results of this normalisation have included the reinforcement of a false logic of differentiation between citizens and threats, and between “good” and “bad” migrants; and an instrumentalisation of national insecurity to curtail the movements and basic rights of all individuals. Keywords: Detention, internment, immigration, United Kingdom, public policy, history.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Truces among violent criminal organizations, like gangs and organized crime syndicates, which occur with national government support fall into a unique gap between understandings of crime and internal state violence. Recent national level gang truces in Central America and the Caribbean fall into this gap; the truces are designed to lower homicide rates and move some members of criminal groups towards legal activities. However, there is precious little research examining multiple truces in different countries as a group so that lessons may be drawn for other countries suffering from high levels of violence at the hands of criminal organizations. With violent criminal organizations as the main threat to the national security of many states, shedding light on how to reduce extreme levels of violence is vital. Close examination of attempted and implemented truces in Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Trinidad and Tobago reveals that a constellation of factors leads national governments to be receptive to such agreements and violent criminal groups to accede to them. Keywords: Gangs, truces, Latin America, Caribbean, violence.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: While external factors such as family and peers were widely known to be predictive of juvenile delinquency, mixed results were reported regarding the effects of internal (personal) variables such as self-concept and moral reasoning maturity. The present study was to delineate the effects of two variables relating to the self (self-esteem, moral self) and the moral reasoning maturity in predicting delinquency. A sample of 266 young people aged between 17 and 21 were invited to complete a questionnaire composed of global self-concept (self-esteem) scale, moral self scale, moral reasoning test, and a daily behavior checklist. Regression and correlation analyses indicated that moral self and moral reasoning were in general negatively associated with delinquency, but global self-esteem did not have significant linear relation with delinquency. Polynomial contrast tests revealed that moral reasoning and moral self to certain extent had a linear trend with delinquency negatively, but global self-esteem exhibited a curvilinear (U-shape) trend with some but not all delinquent behaviors such as sexual misconduct, drug offenses, gambling. The results were then discussed in the light of self-derogation theory and other relevant theories such as the “threatened ego” and the multidimensional model of self-concept, and hopefully could throw lights to explain the phenomenon for further research. Keywords: Moral reasoning, moral self, delinquency.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Nobody can deny that Syria’s situation is really serious, and requires an effective solution from the international community. However, that “intervention/solution” will have to respect the UN Charter and the Security Council’s responsibilities like the non intervention principle and the new definition of the crime of aggression adopted in Kampala in 2010. This paper analyses the role of major powers (especially the USA and France) and the hypothetic application of the article 8 bis of the Rome Statute, if the Security Council is not able to find a consensus, and a “unilateral” solution was carried out by the aforementioned powerful States. Keywords: ICC, aggression, Security Council, non intervention principle, unilateral intervention.Download Full Article |