Paramilitary Policing in the Implementation of Police Departement Tasks: The National Police of the Republic of Indonesia (POLRI)
Pages 519-524
A. Josias Simon R

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2013.02.46

Published: 13 November 2013

Abstract: This paper is the result of research that discusses the conception of paramilitary policing and investigating their implementation within the body of the POLRI. Including identify the elements of paramilitary policing in a variety of functional unit (satfung) in departement of police in resort level. The results of this study indicate the necessity of paramilitary policing control in the execution of duty serving the interests of the general public, but still needed internally in order to improve discipline and unity of police personnel in facing the instability and uncertainty of duties in the field.

Gender Differences in Occupational Aspirations and Substance Use Among Adolescents
Pages 492-506
Sampson Lee Blair and Melissa A. Menasco

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2013.02.44

Published: 06 November 2013

Abstract: Previous research has demonstrated that rates of substance use during the adolescent years are associated with school performance and teenage employment. Comparatively few studies have examined the linkages between adolescents’ occupational aspirations and their rates of alcohol and drug use. Using data from a nationally representative sample of high school seniors, this study examines how adolescents’ occupational aspirations may affect their patterns of substance use. Utilizing a framework of social control theory and precocious development theory, the analyses reveal that a strong association exists between the occupational aspirations and substance use rates of adolescents. Teenagers with higher aspirations report relatively lower rates of substance use. On the other hand, adolescents who aspire for occupations which involve manual labor report higher rates of substance use. Impediments to reaching desired occupations were also shown to be important, as teens who perceived that they may not reach their aspired occupation (due to financial problems, inadequate education, discrimination, etc.) were shown to be more likely to drink alcohol and use drugs. Substantial differences in these effects were shown to exist across both sex and race/ethnicity categories. Overall, the results suggest that the effects of occupational aspirations on adolescent substance use are quite intricate.

When Do Legal Sanctions Produce Conformity? A Review of the Literature on the Interaction of Perceived Legal Risk with Stakes in Conformity
Pages 390-406
Christopher P. Rosbough

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2013.02.45

Published: 13 November 2013

Abstract: This paper reviews ten published articles on deterrence that address the interaction of stakes in conformity with the perception of legal risk. These articles are classified by types of stakes in conformity examined, such as marriage, education, and employment, and more general types of stakes in conformity, such as social identity. Analysis of evidence suggests that some individuals with low stakes in conformity may be less deterrable by legal sanctions and for those with high stakes in conformity, legal sanctions, such as imprisonment, may increase recidivism. The results, however, continue to show an incongruence between whether and which stakes in conformity act as a consistent deterrent.

Organized Crime in Brazilian Prisons: The Example of the PCC
Pages 397-408
Camila Nunes Dias and Fernando Salla

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2013.02.37

Published: 30 October 2013

Abstract: This paper analyses the context of the mass incarceration experienced by Brazil in the last two decades. Alongside other factors, such as the deterioration of the living conditions of the inmates and the shortcomings in the prison management, this favored the emergence and operation of the self-named group Primeiro Comando da Capital(PCC) (First Command of the Capital), within the prison system of the state of São Paulo. It outlines the stages that resulted in the expansion of the PCC, from its creation to the consolidation of its rule over the incarcerated population and analyzes the form acquired by the use of violence by part of this group. Besides the use of official documents, the ethnographic method and interviews with staff and inmates were used. Among the major findings of the research, there is the constitution of the PCC as a centralized instance of mediation and conflict resolution within the prison, a phenomenon that produced a significant reduction in physical violence among prisoners.