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Editor’s Choice : Inhibitory Effect of a Combined Treatment of Glycyrrhizin and Caffeine on Tumor Promotion by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate in Two-Stage Carcinogenesis in Mouse Skin
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Abstract: Cancer prevention is an important problem in the field of public health. Glycyrrhizin, a natural sweetening agent, is one of the components of licorice and caffeine in coffee and tea. Glycyrrhizin and caffeine were found to inhibit tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Furthermore, the combined treatment of glycyrrhizin and caffeine is more effective than their single treatment on tumor promotion by TPA in mice following initiation with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Keywords: Glycyrrhizin, caffeine, combination therapy, antitumor promotion, two-stage carcinogenesis.Download Full Article |
Editor’s Choice : Low Dose β-Carotene Supplementation Diminishes Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetics and Healthy Individuals
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Abstract: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, multifactorial disease, and oxidative stress one of the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with its appearance and development. The objective was to determine the effect of supplementation with β-carotene to type 2 diabetics and healthy individuals, on iron metabolism, oxidative balance, and antioxidant plasma capacity, using doses similar to the daily nutritional requirement. A total of 117 randomly selected non-smoker volunteers participated in the study. Type 2 diabetics (34) and healthy individuals (24), received 6 mg β-carotene for 45 d, and were compared to similar non-supplemented diabetic (33) and control (26) groups. Blood samples were taken at the beginning, end and 30 days after finishing supplementation, to determine hemoglobin, hematocrit unsaturated iron binding capacity, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation, ferritin, glycemia, glycosilated hemoglobin, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, oxidized LDL, copper, zinc, TBARS, FRAP, nitrites, GPx, SOD, folates, retinol and β-carotene. In supplemented diabetics, there was a significant diminution in copper concentrations (24.8%), and TBARS (9.5%), associated with a non significant increase in FRAP. Also, hemoglobin decreased and oxidized LDL augmented in supplemented diabetics. All the changes were still present one month after finishing the supplementation. In conclusion, supplementation with β-carotene had a positive effect on the oxidative balance of both, type 2 diabetics and healthy individuals, which makes the inclusion of β-carotene rich foods, part of the prevention and/or treatment strategies in type 2 diabetes. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, β-carotene, oxidative balance, copper, zinc, FRAP, TBARS.Download Full Article |
Editor’s Choice : Single Dose of Dietary Supplement Nutrex Lipo-6 Black® Limits the Post Exercise Hypotension Induced by Aerobic Exercise in Young Adults
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Abstract: Objective: to evaluate the blood pressure (BP) behavior and sympathetic activity in response to an aerobic exercise session after taking a dose of Nutrex Lipo-6 Black®. Methods: This randomized, placebo-controlled study utilized seventeen subjects, divided in supplementation (n=10, 26.5±5.3 years) and placebo groups (n=7, 22.4±2.8 years). They ingested a dose of Nutrex Lipo-6 Black® (containing synephrine, caffeine, yohimbine and diiodine)or placebo and underwent a session of 40min of aerobic exercise of moderate intensity. Heart rate (HR), BP and cardiac autonomic balance (measured by heart rate variability) (CANA) were monitored at baseline, 30min after supplementation, at the end of the exercise and every 10min during a recovery period of 30min. Results: After 30min of intake, Nutrex Lipo-6 Black® and placebo groups exhibited HR, BP and CANA similar to each other and in relation to the pre-supplementation moment. At the end of the exercise all variables showed a rise in relation to rest, but without statistical difference between groups (p>0,05). Moreover, at 30min of recovery, the Nutrex Lipo-6 Black® group presented with diastolic hypertensive response (increase of 4.2 mmHg) and a discrete post-exercise hypotension only to systolic pressure (-0.2 mmHg) relative to the pre-supplementation, while the placebo group showed evident both systolic and diastolic hypotension (-6.3 and -0.5 mmHg, respectively). HR and CANA were similar to pre-supplementation at this time. Conclusion: single dose of Nutrex Lipo-6 Black® is able to limit the benefits of an exercise session in reducing BP, even without affecting the resting conditions of BP and CANA. Keywords: Dietary Supplements, Sympathetic Nervous System, Exercise, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Post-Exercise Hypotension.Download Full Article |
Editor’s Choice : The Effects of Consumption L-Arabinose on Metabolic Syndrome in Humans
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Abstract: On the basis of results in rat, L-arabinose decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and enhanced the glucose tolerance. The primary purposes of the present study was to determine the effects of consumption L-arabinose on metabolic syndrome in humans.All volunteers received L-Arabinose by dissolving it in water. The volunteers didn’t change the diet habits and lifestyles during the whole experiment. The trial lasted for 6 months, and experimental indicators were assayed every two months, which including weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, TG, TC, HDLC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), fasting plasma glucose, erum uric acid, serum creatinine (Scr), bloodurea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Our results showed that the L-arabinose decreased waist circumference, TC, fasting glucose, serum uric acid, ALT and slightly increased HDLCand slightly decreased diastolic blood pressure after 6 months. A tendency for decreased waist circumference, TC, fasting glucose, serum uric acid, ALT after 2, 4 and 6 months of treatment with L-arabinose was observed. In addition, L-arabinose decreased TC, LDLC and body weight. No effects on Scr, BUN, AST. In conclusions, L-arabinose would reduce most the metabolic syndrome risk factors(decreased circumference, TC, fasting glucose, and so on), and treat the metabolic syndrome as a whole.The present study would provides strong evidence that long-term received L-arabinose would be manage metabolic syndrome. Keywords: L-arabinose, metabolic syndrome, triglycerides,ALT, waist circumference.Download Full Article |
Editor’s Choice : Comparison of Outlier Detection Methods in Crossover Design Bioequivalence Studies
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Abstract: The significance of bioequivalence (BE) studies is rising due to large scale production and utilization of generic products all over the world. The correct identification of outlying data in BE studies is substantial for deciding two products either bioequivalence or bioinequivalent. For the detection of outliers in BE studies with the crossover designs different methods have been suggested in the literature. In the present work, we compared three outlier detection tests; (i) the Likelihood distance (LD) test (ii) the estimated distance (ED) test and the principal component analysis (PCA) test. In this work, the PCA test has been first time compared with the LD and ED test. For the purpose of comparison, we used two-way and three-way BE crossover data sets on linear and logarithmic scales. During the course of work it was found interesting and note-worthy that the performances of the ED and PCA tests in the sense of outlier detection are better than the LD test and this performance persists even for the log-transformed data. The results of our simulation study also indicated that the performance of the ED test for outliers’ identification is better than the other two tests. Keywords: Bioequivalence, Outliers, Likelihood distance, Estimated distance, Principal, Component.Download Full Article |