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Abstract: Correlation Structure of Solar Radio Bursts in Accordance with Solar Activity
Correlation Structure of Solar Radio Bursts in Accordance with Solar Activity- Pages 17-22 Saifuddin Ahmed Jilani and Sana Wajih Published: 14 February 2018 |
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Abstract: Sun is the nearest star that employs us an opportunity to study the behavior of celestial bodies and their influence on Earth’s atmosphere. This paper investigates the dynamics of Solar Radio Bursts (SRB) with respect to their frequencies type II, type III and Mixed type in accord with Sun Spot Number (SSN) over a span of (1996-2010) base over monthly values. Data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Space Weather Centre were used in this study. This period covers one full and two partial solar cycles. The ionosphere plays a significant role in radio wave communication, therefore the critical frequency of F2 layer (foF2), Maximum electron density (NmF2) Plasma frequency (fP) and Sudden Ionosphere Disturbance (SID) also been included. In various ionospheres quantifications, solar activity such as SSN and 10.7 cm radio flux were used. However SRB influence being considered as a separate variable has not been investigated. The relationship of SRB with Solar Cycle and a comparative study of the influence of these solar variables on ionosphere F2 layer have investigated. The model equations are developed between those variables that have a significant relationship. These equations may be helpful to forecast perturbations in respect of the solar activity. Keywords: Sun Spot Number, Ionosphere variables, Solar Cycle, Ionosphere perturbations, Exploratory Data Analysis. |
Abstract: Impacts of Downtown Developments to Facilitate Environmental Sustainability and Presence of Core and Frame: A Case Study of Saddar, Karachi, Pakistan
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Abstract: A real sustainable world and a livable environment for everyone is currently needed and becoming an extraordinarily challenging task. Sustainability for whom-who benefits and who loses? The increasing environmental problems are also hampering the sustainability. The remarkable increase in population and severe food shortages has brought unprecedented burden on land. Land is considered as space, territory, location, ecosystem, reserve and human habitat above all. Land-use provides a basis for identification of different functional zones in the city thus providing a framework for shaping the internal structure of a city. The best-planned development of any area is possible when the problems of that area are well understood, well documented and closely monitored. Systematic information on land-use / land cover classes, environmental problems and the available arrangement is critically important for future planning of an area. The rationale of this study is to indicate the presence of core and frame in the downtown area of Saddar, Karachi and to examine how finished downtown developments are designed to facilitate environmental sustainability. The field inventory has been conducted to find out the functional and physical developments and sustainability of the study area. In addition the process models have been applied to find out the environmental sustainability. The results of filed investigations show that Saddar does not fulfill the requirement of any of the classical land use models. With reference to the planned development of the core area, zoning laws should be applied to place the functions properly to their respective location. The main problems should be considered as prime matters for the city planners and agencies. Keywords: Downtown, CBD, Environmental Sustainability, Core and Frame. |
Abstract: Two way Panel Causality Analysis for Degree of Trade Openness and Size of City
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Abstract: The relationship between trade openness and economic size of city has long been a subject of much interest in international literature of trade. Trade Openness might increases the economic size of city by increasing the significance of transportation modes which are mostly present in urban areas and raising the demand for marketing, financing and communication. In contrast some literature argue that protectionism generates large cities as firms cluster in an urban area to minimize its unit cost via sharing of intermediate goods, labour pool and knowledge spill-over. Thus, there exist an important causal connection between the economic size of the city and its contribution in international trade. This paper is designed to explore these causal connections using panel causality analysis. The panel consists of fourteen major cities of Pakistan and 14 years commence from 1999-00 till 2012-13. The result affirms a positive two-way causal relationship between a cities' economic size and its degree of trade openness. Keywords: Trade Openness, Economic city size, Panel causality, Growth, Region. |
Abstract: Impact of Unequal Distribution of Canal Water on Farm Produce: A Case Study Matli Taluka
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Abstract: This study seeks to investigate to identify the impact of shortage of water on the tail, end areas of the irrigation network. For the research study 320 respondents were randomly selected and nearly 107 from each category that is large medium and small farmer’s respondent. The sample further stratified respondents from all three reaches that is head middle and tail of main semi-irrigation channels and on the water courses level as well to capture the authentic picture of the water availability on each level of irrigation system. The observation of the study and data collected revealed that farmers on the head reaches benefit more from the supply of water from crop production compare to middle and tail reaches and middle reaches have more opportunity of having better irrigation water compare to the tail reaches however, the more sufferers are the tail reach farmers who get less water from crop production. Consequently, this situation cause’s absolute poverty to the farmers on the tail reaches of the irrigation water supply channels. Keywords: Poverty, Irrigation, Agriculture & Crop Production. |
