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Abstract : Determination and Elimination of Microbial Load from Pickle’s Brand in Karachi
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Abstract: The study is the elementary step to determine the causes of spoilage of fermented products and factors that could be remove to acquire the hygienic fermented products. Pickle is one of the mostly used fermented products especially as a side dish in Eastern countries, but it is developing a high rate of infectious diseases either due to its failing probiotic activity or due to increase harmful microbial flora in the pickle which are dominating the probiotics. The study is based on the determination of microbial load present in the pickle using MPN technique. The growth of fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus, and bacteria Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus were isolated from the pickles samples used in this study. By using MPN technique, It was observed that the pickle of Rizwan Company had 1100 colonies in 100 ml of sample which can be extremely dangerous for consumption and the pickle from another brand Sundip Company showed the lowest amount i.e. 28 colonies in 100 ml of sample. Other brands that were tested also showed higher amount of organisms in between 150 to 460 colonies in 100 ml of sample. Elimination of the microbial load of pickle also performed on the pickle of National Company that gave a marvelous result the amount of organisms is dropped from 150 colonies to 11 colonies in 100 ml of sample. This study provides preliminary work and open new doors in assessing and improving the quality of pickles available in the market. Keywords: Fermentation, Probiotics, Pickle, Elimination, Consumption. |
Abstract : Impact of Climate Change on Sugarcane and Wheat Crops in District Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan
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Abstract: Present research was conducted to observe the effect of climatically changes on agricultural crops, especially focusing on major climatic variable changes such as (temperature and rainfall) on wheat and sugarcane productions. Therefore this study is attempt to examine the climate change impact on production of wheat and sugarcane crops in Hyderabad district to measure the fluctuations every month during last 12 years from 2002 to 2014. Thus the following objectives were studied. To examine climate change (temperature and rainfall) scenario in the study area. To observe climate change impact on sugarcane and wheat crops of Hyderabad district, and to see the effect of temperature on the growth performance of wheat and sugarcane crop since 2002 to 2014. Findings of the study shows positive impact on sugarcane and wheat crop. Moreover 1 oC temperature increases then wheat yield increases 30.04 kgs/acre. Similarly 1oC increase temperature increases sugarcane yield rise by the amount of 450 kgs/acre respectively. Additional, to see the average growth rate from 2002 to 2014, where it reveals that the temperature growth rate was increased 0.6 0C in April. While 1 oC increased in June which is highest growth rate, similarly in July and August were 0.5 0C and 0.5 0C was increased respectively, Kharif temperature having increasing trend. Moreover in Rabi season there is high fluctuation in February which was 0.4 oC. It Is concluded that in last the trend of temperature fluctuations from 2002 to 2014. in the Kharif season temperature in April, May, June, July, August and September were 2.4, 1.25, 6.1, 0.85, 2.75, 3.55, moreover the fluctuations of Rabi season in October, November, December, January, February, March were average 2, 1.42, 1, 2.3, 1.1, and 2.2 respectively. Keywords: Climate change, Impact, temperature, Rainfall, Wheat, Sugarcane. |
Abstract : Identification and Oviposition Response of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae) on Various Food Grains
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Abstract: In this study weevils were collected from the local areas of Tandojam and its surroundings. While further identification was performed at the Laboratory of postgraduate student, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. The collected weevils from the local areas of Tandojam, were killed in a jar by applying potassium cyanide and were mounted through entomological pins on their right elytron. The specimens were also labeled, which contains information about the date of collection, name of collector, host of plant if was known. After that abdomen were separated and put at 10% potassium hydroxide for overnight at room temperature separately and were heavily sclerotized. The specimens were also heated for 10 minutes. In the next day these specimen were rushed in water for 5 minutes. During this experiment habitus images were taken with the help of camera fitted in microscope. The examination of gentile and other remaining parts were performed under the microscope for capturing of necessary images. For habitus images model of camera canon Power shot (sx510 HS) were utilized and for the gentile organ images USB camera fitted microscope 350k pixel (1) Kyowa Medilux (2) Labomed CSM2 20 to 40x were used. For the oviposition response on various grains, tested grains include; wheat, barley, oat, maize, gram, millet. A pair of newly emerged Sitophilus oryzae (Fabricius, 1775) from a laboratory colony was placed in plastic jars of 150 ml. There were 6 treatments, each treatment with 3 replications. Eggs were counted in each jar containing pair of weevils. Analysis was carried out through statistical software SXW 8.0, to categorize the preference of Sitophilus oryzae. Keywords:Oviposition, Tando Jam, food grains, Sitophilus oryzae. |
Abstract : Types of Hospital Waste and Waste Generation Rate in Different Hospitals of Faisalabad City, Pakistan
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Abstract: Hospital waste has been one of the major problems in underdeveloped and developing countries in recent times. The present study is an attempt to analyze hospital waste generation of Faisalabad city. Forty four hospitals were selected out of which five were public, two were semi-government, six were trust and thirty one were private hospitals with a minimum capacity of ten beds. It was very difficult to acquire exact data related to the waste generated by hospitals as these health care centers were not following the international standards to handle waste generation. The primary data were collected through questionnaire, formal and informal meetings, interviews with the hospital staff and through personal observations. The secondary data were collected from the office of the Executive District Officer Health and Environment Protection Department, Faisalabad. Data analysis showed that about 7646 kg/day waste was generated by these hospitals out of which 6529 kg (85.40%) was non-infectious and 1117 kg (14.60%) was infectious waste. The government hospitals’ waste generation rate was 1.51 kg/bed/day, semi government 1.49 kg/bed/day, trust hospitals rate was 1.29 kg/bed/day and private hospitals 0.99 kg/bed/day. The overall waste generation rate of the hospitals of the study area was 1.28 kg/bed/day. It was recommended that the hospital staff must be trained to handle hospital waste so that the garbage should not create problems to human health. Keywords: Hospital waste, waste generation, infectious waste, Faisalabad. |
