Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences  -   Volume 8 Number 2

Study of Arabian Seawater Temperature Fluctuations

M. Arif Hussain, Shaheen Abbas, M. Rashid Kamal Ansari and Asma Zaffar

http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2012.08.02.48

Abstract: It is well known that the ocean has an important role in climate variability and change. To study the variations in sea-surface temperature (SST) of Arabian sea near Karachi coastal region, we apply the probability distributions theory as it gives more insights of SST fluctuating behavior. In this regard the adequacy of Normal. Gamma, and Lognormal probability distributions is tested with the help of Kolmogorov-Smirnov D-test. It is found that most of the months of the year follow Normal probability distribution, whereas April, August, October, and November follow Lognormal probability distribution. Further, using the distribution parameters mean and standard deviations of monthly SST are also calculated, which come out to be (23.33 ± 0.316), (23.19 ± 0.300), (24.36 ± 0.312), (26.27 ± 0.360), (28.31 ± 0.325), (29.19 ± 0.347), (28.64 ± 0.346), (27.38 ± 0.364), (27.34 ± 0.322), (27.61 ± 0.311), (26.43 ± 0.352), (24.65 ± 0.380).

Keywords: Sea-Surface Temperature (SST) Average Seawater Temperature Data (AVTD), Arabian Monthly Average Seawater Temperature (AMAST).

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Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences  -   Volume 8 Number 2

Measurement of Annual Effective Doses of Radon from Drinking Water and Dwellings by CR-39 Track Detectors in Kulachi City of Pakistan

Tabassum Nasir and Mujtaba Shah

http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2012.08.02.44

Abstract: Radon concentration and annual effective doses were measured in drinking water and dwellings of Kulachi city of Pakistan. Twenty samples of drinking water were collected from various sources i.e. tap water, pond water, hand pump and tube well water. CR-39 (Columbia Resin-39) based NRPB (National Radiological Protection Board) radon dosimeters were used to measure the radon concentration. Among the various types of samples, the maximum average value of radon concentration was detected (1.218±0.005 Bq/L) in tube well water while the minimum average value was (0.602±0.003 Bq/L) in tap water. The annual effective dose was calculated from the measured radon concentration which varied from 4.39 × 10^-3 to 8.89 × 10^-3 mSv/y. The measured values of radon concentration as well as the annual effective dose were found within the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits.

In order to carry out radon survey in dwelling, thirty CR-39 based NRPB dosimeters were installed in various buildings in the area under study. The maximum measured indoor radon concentration was found to be 270±22 Bq/m³ while the minimum was 21±2 Bq/ m³. The mean value of indoor radon concentration in bed rooms was 98 Bq/m³ which was within the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommended limits however, maximum concentration of 240 Bq/m³ was observed in a mud made room which was above the US-EPA and WHO new recommended limits. The mean annual effective dose from indoor radon was found to be 1.546 mSv/y which was within the ICRP recommended limits.

Keywords: Drinking water, Dwellings, CR-39, NRPB dosimeters, Radon concentration, Annual effective dose.

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Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences  -   Volume 8 Number 2

 Pollutants of Wastewater Characteristics in Textile Industries

S.M. Imtiazuddin, Majid Mumtaz and Khalil A. Mallick

http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2012.08.02.47

Abstract: Textile Industry is one of the most important and largest industrial sectors in Pakistan. It has a high importance in terms of its environment impact, since it consumes large quantity of textile industrial processed water and produces highly polluted discharge water. The textile industry uses high volume of water throughout its operation, from the washing of fibers to bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing and washing of finished products. A process data collection was performed and integrated with a characterization of the process effluents in terms of treatability and reusability. In order to evaluate properly the wastewater loading, on analysis course was set. The samples were collected during four months period of time i.e. November, December, January and February 2009-2010 from the seven samples were collected from different textile mills and analyzed for various parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids(TDS), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), Biochemical Oxygen demand(BOD), pH, Electrical Conductivity(EC), and heavy metals like Cadmium(Cd), Chromium(Cr), Copper(Cu), Iron(Fe), Manganese(Mn), Nickel(Ni), Potassium(K), Phosphorous(P), Sodium(Na), Sulphur(S), Zinc(Zn) were found in within the limits. Concentrations of all these metal ions in the effluent were above the recommended NEQS. It was therefore concluded that textile effluents were highly polluted.

Keywords: Textile wastewater, pollutant, analysis.

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Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences  -   Volume 8 Number 2

Long Term Wind Trends Analysis of Coastal Belt of Pakistan

Zeeshan Alam Nayyar, Nayyer Alam Zaigham and Abdul Qadeer

http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2012.08.02.45

Abstract: Pakistan has a long coastal belt, stretched over an area of more than 1000 km from Indian border in east to Iranian border in west, which has varying nature of geomorphic, geologic and climatic setups. In view to understand the characteristic nature of the area in relevance to undertake the wind energy assessment study, it is imperative to carry out the time-series climatic analyses especially for the wind parameters. Pakistan coastal belt has its unique windy nature because of the monsoon period in summer and land-to-sea wind behavior in winter, which further varies respect to coastal geomorphologic features. A research study has been conducted to analyze the long term wind speed trends for the salient cities lying near the coast of Pakistan. The seasonal decomposition technique, i.e. multiplicative model, was applied for the wind trend analyses using the wind data of 60 years for five major cities namely Karachi, Badin & Hyderabad in Sindh province and Lasbella & Ormara in Balochistan province. The present study describes the methodology adopted for the calculation of long term wind speed trends and subsequent the results indicate different wind variables of long term time-series analyses for the selected five cities.

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