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Abstract: Breast cancer is the main leading type of cancer for women around the world and is responsible for 522,000 deaths per year worldwide. In order to reduce this number, clinicians and researchers are always looking for new strategies and protocols. However, the treatment for breast cancer is challenging and requires as much information as possible. To this end, we conducted a review of all protocols used for breast cancer treatment in the last 35 years with the objective to help clinicians to choose the best treatment possible available in their region. Many of the protocols are international references, and for that reason have been used in many countries like USA and Europe. The data, depicted in tables, may be helpful for clinicians worldwide and researchers to better understand the evolution of breast cancer protocols such as helping make daily routine decisions. Keywords: Breast cancer, protocols, systematic review. |
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Abstract: Buschke-Löwenstein tumor (BLT), known as giant condyloma acuminatum (GCA), is a very rare disease that typically appears as a penile lesion but can although appear in the anogenital region, bladder, vulva, scrotum and sacrococcygeal area as well. Despite of its histologically benign signs, a high recurrence rate, invasiveness and destructive growth characterizes this rare disease as clinically malignant. Malignant transformation into verrucous carcinoma (VC) and squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) have been described as well. Many treatment modalities inclusive neoadjuvant radio-and chemotherapy and topical treatment have been reported but due to lack of controlled studies no treatment can be recommended. We present a case of Buschke-Löwenstein tumor involving the right lower abdominal wall of the colostomy region at a 71 years old male. To our knowledge, we first describe a case report of GCA involving abdominal wall at the colostomy region, successfully treated by wide radical excision and plastic reconstruction. Keywords: Buschke-Löwenstein tumor, Giant condyloma acuminatum, surgical resection, neoadjuvant therapy, squamous cell carcinoma.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Background: Hereditary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) constitutes about 5% of all RCCs. The most common and well studied syndromes include, VHL, HLRCC, BHD, Familial Oncocytoma, RCC Papillary Type 1, TSC, RCC associated with Succinate dehydrogenase B (SHDB) mutations and others. Several genes, including VHL, MET, FLCN, FH and genes encoding the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits B/C/D have been identified as causative. However, the genetic basis of a significant percentage of familial RCC, some with clear cell morphology remain unknown. BAP1 (BRCA1 associated protein-1), a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a nuclear deubiquitinase, is inactivated in 15% of sporadic clear cell RCCs and its loss was associated with high tumor grade and poor prognosis. In this study, we investigated the possible role of this gene in the spectrum of RCC part of hereditary syndromes. Materials and Methods: To elucidate the role of BAP1 in all the spectrum of hereditary RCC, we studied by IHC a panel of RCCs which covers the spectrum of kidney cancers and included 10 VHL tumors, 6 HLRCCs, 8 chromophobe, 5 Hereditary Papillary Type 1, 6 Oncocytomas, 3 BHD (hybrid), and 24 sporadic clear cell RCCs. To analyze the BAP1 expression in these tumors, formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues were immunostained with mouse monoclonal anti-human BAP1 antibody (Clone C-4, Santa Cruz). Results: We found that all the tumors except two showed positive nuclear staining for BAP1. The two negative cases that were negative for BAP1 were Clear cell type and belonged to two siblings. Molecular analysis in a prepublished study showed both patients harboring the p.L14H mutation. Conclusion: Our study supports the hypothesis that BAP1 mutations can play a role in hereditary syndromes predominantly in clear cell tumors. Staining for BAP1 should be done when there is no definite known mutation in a clear cell cancer but the patient gives history of familial kidney cancer. The two related patients who had similar mutations had aggressive, metastatic disease, which suggests that probably BAP1 does play a role in hereditary RCC clear cell type. Keywords: Hereditary kidney cancer, BAP1, mutation, immunohistochemistry.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: The cancer stem cell hypothesis suggests that cancer contains cancer cells with stemness characteristics, and also in immortalised cancer cell lines. This work analyzes the characteristics of the “cancer stem cell” population in C6 tumour cell line. We found a small population defined by the expression of two biomarkers, previously reported in both stem and cancer stem cells, with an aggressive phenotype injected in nude mice. We found 0.6% BCRP1+ cells, the principal protein responsible for the Side Population (SP). On the other hand, we found a small CD133+ positive population, a self-renewal related protein. Moreover, the entire CD133+ population matched with part of BCRP1+ cells suggesting that CD133+ cells could be a subpopulation of BCRP1+ cells, and therefore, a more specific cancer stem cell population than previously described for glioma C6 cell line. These CD133+/BCRP1+ cells display an aggressive phenotype when injected into NOD/SCID mice. We also eventually found this cancer stem cell like population (BCRP1+/CD133+) in other types of cancer, even in a brain tumour patient sample with aggressive disease, but not in patient sample with good prognosis. Besides, the important finding in this study is that inhibition of cancer stem cell self renewal could reflex a decrease in resistance to chemotherapy. IC50 and percentage of resistant cells is reported after treatment with a stem cell self renewal inhibitor. Keywords: BCRP1, ABCG2, ABC transporter family, EpCAM, DFFDA, long retaining labelling cells, Cancer stem cell, self renewal inhibition, asymmetric division, Pigmented epithelium derived factor (PEDF).Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Globally Prostate Cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed and sixth leading cause of Cancer mortalities in men worldwide but currently there is no cure for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Chemoresistance and metastasis are the main causes of treatment resistance and mortality in Prostate Cancer patients. Although several advances have been made to control yet there is an urgent need to investigate the mechanisms and pathways for chemoresistance and prostate cancer (PCa) metastasis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a sub-population of cancer cells characterised by self-renewal and tumor initiation, have gained intense attention as they not only play a crucial role in cancer relapse but also contribute substantially to chemoresistance. Contributing to the role of CSCs are the miRNAs which are known key regulators of the posttranscriptional regulation of genes involved in a wide array of biological processes including tumorigenesis. The altered expressions of miRNAs have been associated with not only with tumor development but also with invasion, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and metastasis. Thus identification of signature miRNA associated with EMT and CSCs would provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the improvement of current treatment thus leading to increase in patient’s survival. Keywords: Cancer stem cells, Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition, Metastasis, MicroRNA.Download Full Article |