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Abstract : Facile and Novel Strategy for Methods of Extraction of Biofuel Grade Lipids from Microalgae- an Experimental Report
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Abstract: The structural features of microalgal cell make it too difficult to extract the total lipid content of the cell as such. Thus, the cell disruption before lipid extraction becomes mandatory and has to be cost-effective. In the present study various methods and combination of few methods were adopted for effective extraction inorder to choose the most effective cell disruption method for the complete extraction of lipids from a selected indigenous freshwater isolate, Scenedesmus sp. NTEB03. Interestingly, we found that grinding and bead-beating method showed two fold increased lipid productivity (23.2%) than the other methods tested. Biomass and lipid productivity of Scenedesmus sp., was found to be 0.0418 g L-1 d-1 and 4.3 mg L-1 d-1 respectively. Fatty acid profiles revealed that oleic (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) content being higher in the lipids, which are most appropriate for the biodiesel production. A novel strategy for most effective, simple method for cell disruption in Scenedesmus sp., was grinding/bead-beating, which is the most suitable method for complete extraction of biofuel grade lipids. Keywords: Biodiesel, Cell disruption, Lipid extraction, Scenedesmus sp. GC analysis.Download Full Article |
Abstract : Comparison between Phage-ELISA and Phage Dot-Blot Assay Methods for the Detection of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and its Antibodies in Human Serum
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Abstract: A modified phage-enzyme link immunosorbent assay (phage-ELISA) and a phage dot-blot assay specific for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its antibody were developed by using phage display technology. The phage-ELISA and phage dot-blot assays enabled to detect HBsAg and anti-HBsAg in human sera, and compatible to commercial detection kit. The fusion phages were immobilized onto microtiter plate wells and nitrocellulose membrane sheets, then blocked with 10% milk diluent, and added with human serum at dilution of 1:5000. The absorbance at 405 nm was determined once the colour changes formed. The same human serum also applied on the commercial diagnostic kit for comparison. The statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA and T Test (LSD) for variable comparison between phage-ELISA and phage dot-blot assays. Based on these studies, the phage-ELISA was found to be more sensitive compared to phage dot-blot assay as the detection of HBsAg in human sera was about 80% as compared to 51.7% by using phage dot-blot assay. Meanwhile, the sensitivity for detection of anti-HBsAg by using phage-ELISA was slightly higher which showed about 83.3%. However, the sensitivity of the assay was dropped almost half when using phage dot-blot assay. Therefore, they are practical to be used as a reliable alternative way for the detection HBsAg and its antibody in human sera. Keywords: HBsAg, phage-ELISA, phage dot-blot assay, human sera.Download Full Article |
Abstract : The Research Progress on China Major Minority Detoxification Methods
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Abstract: Based on the research and material—sorting in recent decades involving Tibetan medicine Mongolia medicine Dai medicine Zhuang medicine Yao medicine, Yi medicine, Miao medicine, Jinuo medicine. Tibetan medicine has a unique system of medical theory, which posits that poisoning incidents have close relation with rLung, nKhris-pa, Badkan three factors (namely three due to), which by adjusting three due to is balance and achieve detoxification. Mongolian medicine believes that there are five-element doctrine, cold and heat, the strength and size of detoxifying respectively. "Disease first solution, the solution after the first treatment," Dai medicine "Yajie" theory and the series of Yajie (antidote)", which play a role in detoxification lies. Zhuang medicine theory includes "virtual drug-induced diseases," the etiology and pathogenesis. By correcting the bias by that bias, in order to achieve the purpose of detoxification. Yao medical theory: the Profit and Loss Balance Theory, the Cause Theory, which are related to detoxification. According to the theory of three gas, toxin factor theory as the core contents of Yi medical theory, which the application of detoxification method is associated with. Miao medicine thinks Poison for all ills, highlight the dispel toxin factor to the poison thery of nine. Jinuo medicine is fully application of national folk-detoxification plant and animal medicines, achieve the purposes of detoxification. In this review, we summarized the major approaches applied for detoxification methods by different ethnic groups in order to provide better guide for clinical practice of food, drugs, poisons and other toxics. This work provides also potential clinical application to open up a new way of thinking and new perspective for detoxification therapy based on the accumulated knowledge in traditional Chinese medicine. Keywords: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ethnic minority, detoxification drugs, ethno-medicine, detoxification methods.Download Full Article |
Abstract : From Beverages to Biofuels: The Journeys of Ethanol-Producing Microorganisms
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Abstract: Microbial fermentation for bio-based products is quickly becoming an integral component of the world infrastructure, as the processes encompassing the synthesis of these natural products becomes more efficient and cost effective to compete with existing commodities. Bioethanol is currently one of the most desired fermentation products, as this constituent can be applied to multiple uses in not only contributing to the more traditional routes of beer brewing and winemaking, but also in the foundation for green fuel sources. By optimizing yields, the innovative processes could be applied towards engineering more rapid and productive biomanufacturing. In order to achieve these goals, we as researchers must understand the underlying principles and intricate networks that play a role within the microenvironment and also on the cellular level in key fermentative microbes such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis. In-depth pathway analysis could lead to the development of more favorable metabolic outcomes. This review focuses on the key metabolic networks and cellular frameworks in these model organisms, and how biosynthesis of ethanol yields can be optimized throughout the fermentation process. Keywords: Bioethanol, Biofuel, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis.Download Full Article |
