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Abstract: A field study was carried out during 2015 at the experimental area of Entomology Section, Agriculture Research Institute, (ARI) Tando Jam to examine the efficacy of different bio-pesticides against major sucking pests on brinjal under field conditions. Four treatments with three replications were applied. The treatments were: T1=Neem (Azadirachta indica), T2= Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), T3= Datura (Datura stramonium) and T4=Control (untreated). Three insect pests were found infesting brinjal including white flies, jassid and mites. Pre-treatment and post-treatment observations were recorded.The results revealed that against white fly, the first spray of Neem extract showed highest reduction percent (82.60%) followed by Tobacco extract (75.95%), Datura extract (73.93%), and lowest for untreated control (11.07%); while in the second spray also Neem extract showed highest effect against white fly (67.53%); followed by Tobacco extract (56.43%), Datura extract (42.25%), and least by untreated plot (5.49%). Against jassid, Neem extract showed highest effect (55.95%) as observed during 1st spray, followed by Tobacco extract (53.38%), Datura o extract (63.11%)and untreated control (8.00%), while after second spray also Neem extract showed highest reduction percent (68.73%) followed by Tobacco extract (55.72%), Datura extract (50.66%) and the lowest was resulted by untreated control (13.90%). Against mites population on brinjal the first spray results showed that Neem extract showed highest effect (96.19%) followed by Tobacco extract (95.75%), Datura extract (86.86%) and least population was recorded in untreated control (9.96%). After second spray, Neem extract showed highest reduction percent (98.33%), followed by Tobacco extract (92.85%), Datura extract (88.93%) and the lowest reduction percent was resulted by untreated control (9.14%)respectively. Neem extract showed its superiority in effect to combat sucking insect pests studied in brinjal, followed by, Tobacco extract, Datura extract and untreated control remained the least. Keywords: Bio-pesticides, Sucking pests of brinjal. |
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Abstract: The stratosphere is one of the constituents of thermal structure of the atmosphere. The maximum concentration of ozone is found at the stratospheric region where it is interacted by many species including chemical and physical processes. Atmosphere as a whole is an open system that is regarded as a non linear system and that seems to be complex. Therefore, a non-linear trend is plausible to explain phenomenon of ozone layer depletion (OLD). In this manuscript we have paid our attention in the analysis of the major portion of historic data on stratospheric O3 based on ground-based measurements by the Dobson Spectrophotometer. In this communication we have estimated parameters for describing non-linearity in the process using polynomial trend functions and predicted values are calculated for the period from 1960 to 1999. Future values for ozone depths are computed till 2006 and compared with the minor portion of the data set. Keywords: Ozone layer depletion, Non-linear approach, Pakistan Air Space, Bilinear model (BARMA), Stratospheric Ozone.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: The proposed study investigated the effect of organo-clay contents in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) gel/solution cast films. The organo-clay was loaded in the range of 1 to 5 % (wt. / wt.), based on polymer content, to prepare UHMWPE nanocomposite films. The UHMWPE nanocomposite films were drawn up to 15 times below their melting point. Un-drawn and drawn UHMWPE nanocomposite films were subjected to mechanical and optical characterizations. The enhanced modulus (> 170 % higher than un-drawn films for 5 % organo-clay loadings at draw ratio of 15) and higher force at break (about 150 % higher than un-drawn films) without the loss of inherent optical transparency, even at higher organo-clay loadings, are reported. The findings in this study will broaden the engineering applications of UHMWPE nanocomposite films. Keywords: UHMWPE, gel or solution casting, modulus, organo-clay, nanocomposite, mechanical properties.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: The analysis based on the data published by the CMI (2005-06) remarkably brings out the outstanding position of Karachi as the largest industrial center of the country. Though the industrial development is spreading fast in other districts, Karachi continues to expand as the largest manufacturing region with unabated prospects and potential for further growth in the near future, since new areas in Karachi Division are being developed for export-oriented industry and hi-tech manufacturing. The high value addition in Karachi is a distinctive trend. McCarty’s measure of excess value added has been employed to ascertain the rank of Karachi as an apex industrial district in Pakistan. Keywords: Excess Value Added, Export-oriented Industry, Hi-tec Manufacturing, County Excess. |
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Abstract: The aim of this work was investigating the accumulation of the element's contents in plant leaves using magnetized and non-magnetized water for irrigation. Sunflower and tomato were irrigated using magnetized water conducted with magnetic field in the range of 250 mT and irrigate with normal water for comparison in an open land. The measurement of elements was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy to identify the levels of Calcium, Iron, Potassium and Zinc in the leaves of the plants under survey. The results are evaluated using different statistical methods from data obtained to assess the levels of elements enhanced in these leaves. The leaf elements quantity in plants treatment with a magnetic field has a significant impact on plant yield and food quality. Keywords: Magnetic field, water irrigation, elements, leaves, atomic absorption. Download Full Article |